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179 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
The study of age related changes in behavior and mental processes throughout the lifespan is called |
developmental psychology |
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The ? method of developmental data collection follows one person over time, and provides information about ? |
longitudinal; age changes |
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Differences in age groups that reflect factors unique to a specific age group, rather than being due to developmental changes, are called ? effects |
cohort |
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Teratogens are ? than can cause birth defects |
environmental agents |
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This is the first stage of prenatal development, characterized by rapid cell division |
Germinal period |
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The fetal period lasts from? |
8 weeks to birth |
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The first motor movements a newborn exhibits are limited to ? |
reflexes |
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Synaptic pruning refers to the ? that helps strengthen connection b/w neurons |
natural reduction of unused synapses |
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What sensory systems is most poorly developed at birth? |
vision |
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This refers to biological changes during adolescence that lead to an adult sized body and sexual maturity |
puberty |
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? is the psychological development that occurs during the period b/w childhood and adulthood |
Adolescence |
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? is the onset of menstruation in females; ? is the first ejaculation in males |
Menarche; sperarche |
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Pubic hair, breasts, facial hair, and deepening of the voice are called? |
secondary sex characteristics |
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? aging results from disease, disuse, or neglect |
secondary |
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Primary aging? |
refers to gradual and inevitable changes in physical and mental lprocesses |
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? was one of the first scientists to prove that a child's cognitive processes are fundamentally different from an adult's |
Piaget |
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Cognitive structure that consist of a number of organized ideas that grow and differentiate with experience are called ? |
schemas |
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Assimilation occurs when new information is ? |
absorbed into existing schemas |
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The four stages of Piaget's cognitive development model are ? |
sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational, and formal operational |
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Once a child can perform mental operations on concrete objects, and understand the principles of conservation and reversibility, she has reached Piaget's ? stage |
concrete operational |
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? is the ability to understand that certain physical characteristics remain unchanged, even when their outward appearance changes |
Conservation |
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The ability to think abstractly or hypothetically occurs in Piaget's ? stage |
formal operational |
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? is a strong affectionate bond with special others that endures over time |
Attachment |
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? is an innate form of learning within a critical period that involves attachment to the first, large moving object seen |
imprinting |
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The ability to empathize with others and distinguish b/w right and wrong is called ? |
morality |
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Kohlbergbelieved his stages of moral development to be ? |
univeral and invariant |
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Once an individual has accepted and internalized the rules and values of societ, that person has advanced to the ? level of moral development |
conventional |
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An infant's inborn disposition is known as |
temperament |
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Thomas and Chess's concept of ? says that parents should work with not try to change, their child's temperament |
goodness- of-fit |
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In Erikson's stages of psychosocial development, the establishment of a sense of self and a role in society is dependent upon successfully resolving which of the following changes |
identity vs. role confusion |
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According to ERikson's theory, the dominamt crisis of adolescence concerns ? |
establishing an identity |
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Erikson's identity crisis refers to ? |
the inner conflict related to serious soul-searching |
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Resolution of the critical conflict of young adulthood will, according to Erikson, lead to a sense of ? |
Intimacy |
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One of the clearest identifiers of abuse potential is |
impulsivity |
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The major detrimental difference b/w individualistic and collectivist cultures is |
which needs and goals are emphasized |
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? has consistently been found to be a key factor in successful marriages |
Realistic expectations |
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What is the most common reason for girls dropping out of high school |
pregnancy |
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A child who can adapt effectively in the face of threats is demonstrating |
resiliency |
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The ? theory of aging suggests that successful adjustment is fostered by a full and active commitment to life |
activity |
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The ? theory of aging suggests that adjustment to retirement is fostered by mutual withdrawal b/w the elderly and society |
disengagement |
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Deliberately choosing to reduce the number of social cntacts in favor of familiar people who provide meaningful interactions is an example of ? theory of aging |
socioemotional selectivity |
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The greatest challenge for the elderly in the US is |
ageism |
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Research on aging in the US indicates that elderly men generally have more ? than elderly women |
income
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Research on aging in the US indicates that elderly women have more ? than elderly men
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friends |
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Grieving peopl generally begin with the ? stage, and end with the ? stage |
numbness; resolution |
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What concept is considered inevitable, permanent, universal and nonfunctional |
death |
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what is the correct sequence of Kubler-Ross's stage theory of dying |
denial/anger/bargaining/depression/acceptance |
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The study of death and dying is known as |
thanatology |
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? refers to one's biological state of being male or female |
Sex |
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refers to the psychologican and socioculutral meanings added to the biological state of being male or female |
Gender |
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Pat has an XY chromosome pattern and likes to play with trucks. The XY pattern is characteristic of Pat's ? and playing with trucks is characteristic of his ? |
sex; gender |
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Your ? is related to societal expectations for "normal and appropriate" behavior for your biological sex |
gender role |
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Individuals who have the genitals and secondary sex characteristics of one sex, but feel as if they belong to other sex are known as ? |
transsexuals |
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If a person is erotically attracted to members of their same sex, that individual is called? |
gay or lesbian |
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Your primary erotic attraction toward others isreferred to as your? |
sexual orientation |
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An individual who engages in both herosexual and homosexual relations is referred to as ? |
bisexual
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A combination of both "male" and "female" personality traits is called ? |
androgyny |
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Who were three major contributors to today's knowledge about sexuality |
Ellis; Kinsey; Masters and johnson |
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Havelock Ellis used ? to study human sexuality |
himself |
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Viewing one's own ethnic group as central and "correct" while judging the rest of the world according to this standard is known as ? |
ethnocentrism |
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Which of the following has been formally opposed by the United Nations and the World Health Organization |
Female genital mutilation |
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The discharge of seman and seminal fluid from the penis during orgasm is called ? |
ejaculation |
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The body returns to its unaroused state in the ? phase of sexual arousal |
Resolution |
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The period following oragsm, during which it is considered physiologically impossible for most men to be further excited to orgasm, is called the ? period |
refractory
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Most Sexually Transmitted Infections: |
are readily cured in the early stages |
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Your textbook defines a sexual dysfunction as |
an impairment of the normal physiological processes of arousal and orgasm |
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The current position of theAmerican Psychiatric Association and the American Psycological Association is that homosexuality |
is not a mental illness |
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For both men and women, the inabilith to respond to sexual stimulation to the point of orgasm is defined in the text as |
orgasmic dysfunction |
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The fear of being judged in connection with sexual behavior is called |
performance anxiety |
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With regard to sexuality ? is the set of beliefs, values, and norms that subtly encourage male sexuality and discourage female sexuality |
the double standard |
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? are socially dictated descriptions of acceptable sexual behavior |
Sexual scripts |
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Women can't be raped against their will; and secretly want to be raped/ A man cannot be raped by a woman./ Men have little control over their biologically overpowering sex drive are ? |
All all myths about rape
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Motivation is best defined as |
the set of factors that activate, direct and maintain behavior toward a goal |
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Emotion is best defined as |
a subjective feeling that includes arousal, cognitions, and behavioral expressions |
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A behavior pattern that is unlearned, and found in almost all members of a species is called |
an instinct |
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In the ? of motivation a lack or a deficiency of something creates a state of tension which motivates us to reduce the deficiency |
drive-reduction theory |
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? is the body's tendency to maintain a relatively stable state for internal processes |
Homeostasis |
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? theory suggests that organisms are motivated to achieve and maintain an ideal or optimal level of stimulation that maximizes their performance |
Optimal arousal |
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Sensation seeking is related to ? |
the arousal motive |
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? theories emphasize the importance of attributions and expectancies in motivating behaviors |
Cognitive |
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The theory that some motives have to be satisfied before a person can advance to fulfilling higher motives is based on |
Maslow's hierarchy of needs |
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Hunger, arousal, and achievement are three basic |
motives |
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? is a feeling of fullness that has an effect on the perception of hunger. |
Satiety |
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The heat generated in response to food ingestion is called ? |
thermogenesis |
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The brain's "eating center" is found ? |
throughout the brain |
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? involves extreme weight loss due to an obsessive fear of obesity and self-imposed starvation |
Anorexia nervosa |
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? involves consuming large quantities of food followed by self-induce vomiting, the use of laxatives, or extreme exercise. |
Bulimia nervosa |
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Research has shown that men in a state of fear may be more attracted to women than men in a relaxed state. THis is primarily due to: |
misattribution of arousal
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In a ? the cheek muscles are pulled back, and the muscles around the eyes also contract. |
Duchenne smile |
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This theory says that emotions are physiologically similar and are due to simultaneous arousal, cognitive, and behavioral expressions. |
Cannon-Bard |
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The belief that movements of the facial muscles produce or intensify emotional reactions is the |
facial feedback hypothesis |
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According to ? bodily arousal must be labeled or interpreted for an emotional experience to occur |
Schachter's two-factor theory |
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Complex emotions like jealousy, embarrassment, or love are best explained by |
Schacter's two-factor theory |
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Intrinsic motivation comes from |
personal employment |
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Extrinsic motivation is sbased on |
the desire for rewards or threats of punishment |
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Knowing and managing one's emotions, empathizing with other's and maintaining satisfying relationships are the key factors in ? |
emotional intnelligence |
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An individual's relatively stable and enduring pattern of thoughts, feelings, and actions is known as his or her
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personality |
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A relatively stable and consistent characteristic that can be used to describe someone is known as |
trait |
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A statistical procedure used to determine the most basic units contained in a large array of data |
factor analysis |
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Compared to ? theories that describe personality, ? theories attempt to explain personality |
trait; psychoanalytic |
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According to Freud, the thought and info that you are currently aware of, or remembering, is called your ? |
conscious |
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The thoughts and motives that lie beyond a person's normal awaareness are found in what Freud calls the ? |
unconscious |
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A husband says, "this is my mother...I mean my wife , Sylvia." is an example of a ? |
Freudian slip |
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according to Freud the three mental structures that form personality are the ? |
id, ego, and superego |
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The ? principle asserts that the ego tries to meet the demands of the id, superego and the realities of the environment |
reality |
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Defense mechanisms are strategies employed by the ? to reduce anxiety and avoid conflict |
ego |
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The first and most basic defense mechanism, which block unacceptable impulses from coming into awareness is called ? |
regression |
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The five developmental periods during which particular kinds of pleasures must be gratified for personality development to proceed normally are known as |
Freud's psychosexual stages of development |
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Three of the most influential neo-freudians were ? |
Adler, Jung, and Horney |
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According to Adler, feelings of helplessness and imcompetence during childhood results in ? |
an inferiority complex |
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according to Jung, the primitive images and patterns of thoughts, feelings, and behavior that reside in the collective unconscious are called |
archetypes
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according to horney, adults who were neglected or isolated in a hostile environment as children experience helplessness and insecurity as adults which she called |
basic anxiety |
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one of psychology's most spirited debates is currently about |
self esteem |
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unconditional positive regard is a rogerian term for |
positive behavior toward a person without attaching any contingencies |
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the innate tendency toward growth that motivates all human behavior and results in the full realization of a person's highest potential is called |
self actualization |
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according to bandura ? involves a person's belief about whether he or she can successfully engage in behaviors related to personal goals |
self efficacy |
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according to ? thoughts behavior and the environment all interact to produce personality |
reciprocal determinism |
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The ? approach represents a blending of several theories of personality |
biopsychosocial |
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the most widely used personality test is the MMPI or the ? inventory |
Minnesota Multiphasic Personality |
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The use of ambiguous unstructured stimuli to assess personality is called ? tessting |
projective |
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Which of the four d's is the "exception rather than the rule." |
danger |
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the ? assumes that abnormal behavior is due to physical causes that can be be diagnosed, treated and possibly cured |
medical model |
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? is the specialized branch of medicine that deals with the diagnosis treatment and prevention of mental disorders |
psychiatry |
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the classification system produced by the american psychiatric association and used to describe abnormal behaviors is called the dsm-iv-tr, dsm is an abberiviation for |
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders |
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? is a legal term for people with a mental disorder that implies a lack of responsibility for their behavior and an inability to manage their affairs |
insanity |
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this is a fear or discomfort that arises abruptly and usually involves frear one is dying |
panic attack |
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anxiety disorders are |
characterized by unrealistic, irrational fear |
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chronic, uncontrollable, excessive worrying about nothing in particular is associated with |
generalized anxiety disorder |
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Sudden inexplicable episodes of intense fear with an impending sense of doom are associated with |
panic disorder |
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the two main types of mood disorders are |
major depression and bipolar disorder |
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a major depressive disorder is best characterized by |
a long-lasting depressed mood that interferes with functioning, pleasure, and life interests. |
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this is an excessive and unreasonable state of excitement which may include impulsive behavior |
Mania |
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someone who experiences episodes of mania, or cycles b/w mania and depression, has a ? |
bipolar disorder |
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What is true of suicide |
a family history of suicide increases a person's risk for suicide |
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If you suspect a friend might be considering suicide what should you do? |
ask your friend if he is thinking of hurting himself
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this is a thought disturbance characterized by mistaken beliefs that are maintained in spite of strong evidence to the contrary |
delusion |
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the presence of two or more disorders in the same person at the same time |
co-morbidity |
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many people who have a mental disoder use ? to self medicate or reduce their symptoms |
alcohol |
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? is related to losing one's sense of reality and feeling estranged from oneself |
depesonalization |
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a condition in which two or more distinct personalities are present, at differnt times, in the same person is called ? |
dissociative identity disorder DID |
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the presence of inflexible, maladaptive personality traits that significantly impair social and occupational functioning is characteristic of |
personality disorders |
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egocentrism, lack of a conscience, disregard for the rights of others, impulsive behavior, lack of remorse/guilt, and charisma are characteristic of someone ? |
with an antisocial personality disorder |
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A preoccupation with one's own concerns, and insensitivity to the perscpective or needs of others, is defined as ? in your text |
egocentrism |
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This disoder is characterized by impulsivity, hyper-sexuality, and instability of mood, relationships, and self-image |
Borderline personality disorder |
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the system of psychotherapy developed by Freud that seeks to bring unconscious conflicts into conscious awareness is known as |
psychoanalysis |
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in psychoanalysis, free association refers to |
reporting whatever comes to mind without monitoring its contents |
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the name of a psychodynamically-based, brief form of therapy identified in your text is |
interpersonal therapy |
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this form of therapy focuses on faulty thought processes and beliefs to treat problem behaviors |
cognitive therapy |
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cognitive therap alters ? the things people say to themselves when they interpret events |
self-talk |
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the process by which the therapist and client work to change destructive ways of thinking is called ? |
cognitive restructuring |
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Ellis' approach to cognitive therapy attempts to eliminate self defeating beliefs through rational examination. He named his approach REBT or ? therapy |
rational emotive behavior |
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Beck practices ? which attempts to change not only destructive thought and beliefs, but the associated behaviors as well |
cognitive behavior therapy |
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? therapy helps clients to adjust their affective or emotional experiences in order to maximize personal growth |
Humanistic |
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an insightful awareness, and ability to share another person's inner experience is called ? |
empathy |
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the nonjudgmental attitude and genuine caring that a therapist expresses toward a client is called |
unconditional positive regard |
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the awareness of one's true inner thoughts and feelings, and the ability to share them authentically with others, is called ? in Rogerian therapy |
genuineness |
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this is listening with total attention by reflecting, paraphrasing, and clarifying |
active listening |
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? multiple people meet together to work toward therapeutic goals |
group therapy |
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This type of group does not have a professional leader, and members assist each other in coping with a specific problem |
self-help |
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? therapy uses techniques based on learning principles to change maladaptive behavior |
behavior |
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this is a gradual process of extinguishing a learned fear-response by associating a hierarchy of fear evoking stimuli with deep relaxation |
systematic desenitization |
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? creates anxiety by pairing an unpleasant stimulus with a maladaptive behavior in order to decrease by the behavior |
aversion therapy |
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in behavior therapy ? techniques use shaping and reinforcement to increase adaptive behaviors, and punishment and extinction to decrease maladaptive behaviors |
operant conditioning |
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this type of therapy involves watching and imitating appropriate models who demonstrate desirable behaviors |
modeling |
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? modeling combines live modeling with direct and gradual practice |
participant |
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behaviorists reply to criticisms of their treatment approach by saying |
behavior therapy increases personal control by making the rewards and punishments that influence behavior obvious |
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drugs that create feelings of calmness, reduce muscle tension, and lower sympathetic activity in the brain are called |
antianxiety drugs |
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traditional antipsychotics appear to |
decrease activity at a dopamine receptors |
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The study of how other people influence our thoughts, feelings, and actions is called _____.
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social psychology
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The principles people follow in making judgments about the causes of events, others' behavior, and their own behavior are known as _____.
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attribution
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A stranger walking in front of you trips. You assume this is because he is clumsy, rather than considering the fact that the sidewalk might be uneven. You have just committed _____.
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the fundamental attribution error
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When you attempt to maintain a positive self-image by taking credit for your successes and emphasizing external causes for your failures, you are engaged in _____. |
the self-serving bias
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_____ is a learned, generally negative, attitude toward members of a group.
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prejudice |
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A set of beliefs about the characteristics of people in a group that is generalized to all group members is called a _____.
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stereotypes |
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Need _____ is the sharing of similar needs.
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compatibility |
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Need _____ is the tendency to be attracted to people whose qualities we admire but personally lack.
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complementarity
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A strong and lasting attraction characterized by trust, caring, tolerance, and friendship is called _____.
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companionate love
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This is the change in behavior due to real or imagined group pressure
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Conformity
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When someone has a need for approval and acceptance by a group, they often conform to the norms set by that group. This is called _____ social influence
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normative
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