Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
46 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Motive
3 Components |
Motive: Internal process that energizes and directs behavior
1) Needs-conditions that are essential for maintaining life and nuturance of growth and well being. 2) Cognitions-mental events (Beliefs, expectations, self-concept) 3) Emotions- subjective experience of a phenomena |
|
4 Categories/Theories of Motivation
|
1) Instincts
2) Drive 3) Arousal 4) Human Needs-humanistic, not biological |
|
Ways of Expressing Motivation (9)
|
1. Effort- If motivated, you'll put in more effort
2. Latency- how long it takes before you do it 3. Persistence- more motivation, you will persist longer 4. Choice- if motivated, you will choose to do it 5. Probability of Response- more likely to do something if you are motivated 6. Facial Expression 7. Bodily Gestures Others- 8. Physiology- body will reflect motivation (motivated to have sex, body will respond) 9. Self Report- is a limitation! People lie, they don't know why they do things-lie to themselves |
|
Theories of Determinism
|
James & McDougall
* took darwin's ideas and applied to humans -humans have physical and mental instincts * ALL human motivation originates from a set of biologically/genetically determined instincts/impulses |
|
Define Instinct
|
An innate biological pattern of behavior that is assumed to be universal throughout a species.
* genetic, pre-determined natural instinct. |
|
Motive
3 Components |
Motive: Internal process that energizes and directs behavior
1) Needs-conditions that are essential for maintaining life and nuturance of growth and well being. 2) Cognitions-mental events (Beliefs, expectations, self-concept) 3) Emotions- subjective experience of a phenomena |
|
4 Categories/Theories of Motivation
|
1) Instincts
2) Drive 3) Arousal 4) Human Needs-humanistic, not biological |
|
Ways of Expressing Motivation (9)
|
1. Effort- If motivated, you'll put in more effort
2. Latency- how long it takes before you do it 3. Persistence- more motivation, you will persist longer 4. Choice- if motivated, you will choose to do it 5. Probability of Response- more likely to do something if you are motivated 6. Facial Expression 7. Bodily Gestures Others- 8. Physiology- body will reflect motivation (motivated to have sex, body will respond) 9. Self Report- is a limitation! People lie, they don't know why they do things-lie to themselves |
|
Theories of Determinism
|
James & McDougall
* took darwin's ideas and applied to humans -humans have physical and mental instincts * ALL human motivation originates from a set of biologically/genetically determined instincts/impulses |
|
Define Instinct
|
An innate biological pattern of behavior that is assumed to be universal throughout a species.
* genetic, pre-determined natural instinct. |
|
Drive Reduction Theory
|
* still biological but. . .
-The function of behavior is to serve bodily/Physiological needs. Homeostasis: tendancy to maintain a balanced state. -We are motivated to maintain homeostasis by reducing drive, meeting needs, stronger drive or stronger motivation. |
|
Examples of Drives
|
Hunger
Thirst Sex Pain Air Sleep |
|
Cognitive Dissonance Theory
Define Dissonance |
Dissonance: psychological discomfort that results from holding two contradictory thoughts, or behaving in a way that is contrary to beliefs.
|
|
Motivation and Cognitive Dissonance Theory
|
* we are motivated to REDUCE dissonance.
-change attitudes to fit BEHAVIORS (change views on premarital sex) -Change behaviors to fit ATTITUDES (stop having premarital sex) |
|
Arousal Theory
(3 levels) |
=Individuals seek to either increase or decrease levels of arousal.
1) Underaroused- boredom, restlessness, undermines performance 2) Overaroused-tension, stress, undermines performance 3) Moderately Aroused- OPTIMAL! Alert, but not tense, pleasant |
|
Drive Reduction Theory
|
* still biological but. . .
-The function of behavior is to serve bodily/Physiological needs. Homeostasis: tendancy to maintain a balanced state. -We are motivated to maintain homeostasis by reducing drive, meeting needs, stronger drive or stronger motivation. |
|
Examples of Drives
|
Hunger
Thirst Sex Pain Air Sleep |
|
Cognitive Dissonance Theory
Define Dissonance |
Dissonance: psychological discomfort that results from holding two contradictory thoughts, or behaving in a way that is contrary to beliefs.
|
|
Motivation and Cognitive Dissonance Theory
|
* we are motivated to REDUCE dissonance.
-change attitudes to fit BEHAVIORS (change views on premarital sex) -Change behaviors to fit ATTITUDES (stop having premarital sex) |
|
Arousal Theory
(3 levels) |
=Individuals seek to either increase or decrease levels of arousal.
1) Underaroused- boredom, restlessness, undermines performance 2) Overaroused-tension, stress, undermines performance 3) Moderately Aroused- OPTIMAL! Alert, but not tense, pleasant |
|
Arousal:
Yerkes-Dodson Law |
Performance is Best under moderate arousal.
Bell curve with middle being optimal |
|
Factors on Hunger/eating
|
Environmental
Psychological Biological |
|
Environmental Factors of Hunger and Eating
|
Variety
Taste Preferences Availability Social Facilitation: eat more in presence of others Situational norms: pressure to eat/restrict. what is eaten, etc. |
|
Psychological factors that
|
Time/Conditioning
Dieting= trying to override psychological cues. Disrupts regulation cycle |
|
Biological Aspects of Hunger and Eating
|
1) Insulin: Converts excess glucose to fats and carbs
2) Fat produces Energy - hormones released by fat cells signal hunger & hypothalamus responds 3) Glucose:blood sugar; cells use sugar for energy -liver monitors glucose levels -liver signals hypothalamus 4) Gastic SIgnals: hypothalamus signals hungar based on amount in stomach, not intake. |
|
Eating Disorders
|
Anorexia Nervosa
-starvation -fear of weight gain -primary focus is food Bulemia Nervosa -binging/purging -Depression/anxiety -Can be within normal weight range |
|
Components of Sexual Behavior (3)
|
1) Biological (brain, hormones, neurotransmitters)
2) Cognitive/sensory 3) Social/Cultural |
|
Biological Components of Sex
-Hormones |
* Influences by but NOT controlled by hornones.
1) Androgens (regulate sexual motivation) and Estrogens 2) Release of Adrenal glands controlled by hypothalamus |
|
Biological Components of Sex (4)
|
1) Temporal Lobes=directs arousal to appropriate object
2) Excitatory NTs= generate motivation for sex 3) Orgasm= Dopamine 4) Oxytocin= calm feeling afterwards |
|
Sexual Response Cycle
|
1) Excitement
2) Plateau 3) Orgasm 4) resolution |
|
Cognitive Components of Sex
|
1) Sexual Scripts-traditional (marriage=sex) romantic (sex=love)
2) Perception of the Mate 3) Sensory Experience-touch -males:visual -females: touch |
|
Cultural Components of Sex
|
Sexual Values
1. what is "normal" -attitudes, time/frequency, purpose 2. what is desireable? -sexually appealing features |
|
How does motivation relate to emotion?
|
Emotion creates & directs motivation
|
|
Components of Emotion
|
1) Biological reactions (arousal)
2) Subjective Experience (feelings) 3) Purposive (goal-directed motivation state) 4) Social-expressive phenomena (communication verbal and nonverbal) |
|
Define Developmental Psychology
|
Developments over a lifespan, changes, etc.
|
|
When is the key time period for language development?
|
Infancy and Childhood. Developing neural pathways.
-infants are highly responsive to pitch, intensity, sound and emotion in voice. -Babbling stage: 6mo-1yr; natural ability to produce sounds -One word stage: 1 yr; naming explosion at 18 months -Two-word stage |
|
Piaget's theory of cognitive development
Schema Assimilation Accomodation Cognitive Development |
Schema: mental structures that organize information
Assimilation: Process of modifying info to make it fit into existing schema Accomodation: modifying existing schema to fit new info **Cognitive development is a constant interweaving of assimilation and accomodation |
|
Four Stages of Piaget's Development
|
1) Sensorimotor
2) Preoperational 3) Concrete operational 4) Formal operational |
|
Sensorimotor
|
-coordinating sensory and motor
-object permanence |
|
Preopoerational
|
-egocentrism= everything has same life force as me
-Centration= inability to take into account more than one factor at a time -Irreversability= don't understand actions can be undone -Animalistic thinking= innatimate objects have life |
|
Concrete Operational Stage
|
Conservation= understanding permanence of objects DESPITE superficial changes.
|
|
Formal Operational Stage
|
-abstract thought
-can consider hypothetical situations |
|
Define Temperament
|
Innate, hard-wired pattern of personality and behavior.
Experiences affect how temperament is expressed |
|
Parenting Styles
|
Authoritarian: obedience and discussion w/out exlplanation. Causes anxiety
Authoritative: Warmth and respect. Causes confidence Permissive: few rules, child makes decisions when not ready. Causes immaturity. Neglectful: don't care. Causes immaturity. |
|
Kohlberg's Theory of Moral Development
|
1) Preconventional Level: based on consequences
2) Conventional Level: Decisions based on social factors 3) Postconventional Level: decisions based on abstract thought; fairness, values, rights. |
|
Socialization
|
Process by which society, family and peers (outside sources) teach us how to behave.
|