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55 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
What person is generally recognized as launching the "first psychological laboratory"? |
Wilhelm Wundt |
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With what perspective was John B. Watson associated? Summarize the main assumption of this approaches to psychology. |
Behaviorism. |
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What is introspection and with what early school of psychology was it associated with? What problems were ultimately found with this method of studying behavior? |
The examination or observation of ones own mental and emotional processes. Structuralism. It's results are unreliable, they vary from person to person and experience to experience. |
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Define Psychology |
the science of behavior and mental processes |
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Name and briefly describe psychology's "biggest historic issue" |
nature-nurture issue. controversy over the relative contributions of biology and experience. |
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What are three types of influences that make up the biopsychosocial approach of psychology? |
biological, psychological, and social cultural |
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Describe the 8 psychology perspectives |
1. Neuroscience - how the body and brain enable emotions, memories, and sensory experiences 2. Evolutionary - how natural selection of traits promoted the survival of genes 3. Behavior genetics - how much our genes and our environment influence our individual differences 4. psychodynamic - how behavior springs from unconscious drives and conflicts 5. Behavioral - how we learn observable responses 6. Cognitive - how we encode, process, store, and retrieve information 7. Social-cultural - how behavior and thinking vary across situations and cultures 8. Humanistic - emphasizes choice and freewill |
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What are the 4 basic goals of psychology? |
1. to observe 2. to understand 3. to predict 4. to control/influence |
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what is the difference between basic and applied research? |
basic research builds knowledge and applied research uses information to tackle problems. |
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differentiate the treatment goals of counseling psychologists, clinical psychologists, and psychiatrists. which has the strongest link to modern medicine? |
counseling - help people to cope with challenges and crises and to improve their personal and social functioning clinical - assess and treat mental, emotional and behavioral disorders both of above- administer and interpret tests, provide counseling/therapy, and may conduct basic/applied research psychologist - medical doctors licensed to prescribe drugs and otherwise treat physical causes of psychological disorders )linked to modern medicine) |
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What is hindsight understanding and how is related to hindsight bias? |
Looking at the past and finding reasoning as to why it happened. Take knowledge of an outcome and believing it even it is false. |
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2 factors that make it difficult for people to reach accurate conclusions about reality when relying on common sense and intuition. |
Overconfidence and |
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Define Critical Thinking |
Examines assumptions, discerns hidden values, evaluates evidence, and assess conclusions. |
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4 common scientific attitudes |
curiosity, skepticism, humility, and open mindedness |
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What is theory? |
an explanation using and integrated set of principles that organizes and predicts observations |
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what is hypothesis? |
A testable prediction, often implied by a theory |
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What is an operational definition and why are they important for good science? |
A statement of procedures used to define research variables (ex: human intelligence may be defined by what and intelligence test measures). Allows others to replicate the original observation. |
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To what does the term "replicate" refer and how does it relate to the confidence we have in a result? |
Repeat. If people conduct the same test and get the same results then we have more confidence about those results. |
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What are three different description methods used by psychologists to study behavior? Describe each.
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1. case study - examines one individual in depth in hopes of revealing things true of us all 2. survey - looks at many cases in less depth 3. naturalistic observation - records behavior in natural environments |
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What is random sampling? |
a sample that fairly represents a population because each member has an equal chance of inclusion. |
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what is correlation coefficient? how can you tell the strength and direction? |
a statistical index of the relation between two things (-1-+1). |
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Is it appropriate to make cause and effect conclusions from correctional studies? Explain why giving two problems. |
No. No proof and Other variables. |
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what is the placebo effect? |
experimental results caused by expectation alone |
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what is an experimenter expectancy effect? |
unintended effect of experimenters hypotheses or expectations on the results of their research |
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what is double blind procedure? what two effects does this allow researchers to control? |
an experimental procedure in which both the research participants and the research staff are ignorant about whether the research participants have received the treatment or a placebo. Researchers can check a treatments actual effects apart from the participants belief in its healing powers and the researchers enthusiasm for its potential |
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In experiments researchers typically use _____ to minimize preexisting differences between different groups of participants. |
random assignment |
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what is an independent variable? |
experimental factor that is manipulated; the variable whose effect is being studied. |
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what is a dependent variable? |
varies depending on what takes place during the experiment |
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what does statistically significant mean? |
it is unlikely to be caused by chance |
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list and describe the 5 major parts of the neuron |
1. dendrites - receive messages 2. cell body - cells life support 3. axon - passes messages away from the cell body to other neurons 4. myelin sheath - covers the axon and helps speed neural impulses 5. terminal branches of axon - form junctions with other cells |
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multiple sclerosis degenerates what? |
myelin sheath |
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resting potential vs action potential |
resting potential - positive outside, negative inside. action - a brief electrical charge that travels down its axon |
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an action potential is triggered within the neuron when the neurons ____ is exceeded. |
threshold |
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the gap between neurons is called the ___ and the communication between the two is made possible by the chemical messengers called the _____. |
synaptic gap. neurotransmitters. |
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list 5 different neurotransmitters with functions and malfunctions |
1. acetylcholine - enables muscles action, learning and memory. with alzheimers these can deteriorate. 2. dopamine - influences movement, learning, attention, and emotion. excess = schizophrenia, deprivation = parkinsons 3. serotonin - affects mood, hunger, sleep, and arousal. deprivation = depression 4. norepinephrine - helps control alertness and arousal. undersupply = depress mood 5. gaba - major inhibitory transmitter. undersupply = seizures 6. glutamate - major excitatory transmitter, involved in memory. excess = overstimulate brain, migraines, seizures |
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process of reuptake |
a neurotransmitters reabsorption by the sending neuron |
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what is agonist? |
any drug that enhances or helps the effect of a neurotransmitter |
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what is an antagonist? |
any drug that counter acts or hinders the effect of a neurotransmitter |
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2 elements in central nervous system |
brain and spinal chord |
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the _____ system consists of several glands that are located through out the body. This system communicates information by secreting ____ into the blood stream |
endocrine. hormones. |
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what are the respective general functions of sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems? |
symp. - arouses and expends energy para. - calms you down by decreasing heart rate and conserves energy |
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major structures of hindbrain and midbrain with major functions |
hind - pons; , cerebellum; coordinates voluntary movement and balance, medulla oblongada:controls heartbeat mid - reticular formation; helps control arousal |
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5 neuroimaging techniques and kind of image generated |
PET Scan - brain activity by showing brain consumption of chemical fuel MRI - brains soft tissue fMRI- brains functioning and as well its structures and blood flow CAT scan - detailed imaging of muscle and bone EEG - amplified read-out of brain electrical activity |
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hypothalamus |
control pituitary gland which secretes many different hormones |
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thalamus |
involved in sensory and motor signal relay and the regulation of conciousnes and sleep |
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hippocampus |
associated with memory, long term, and spatial navigation |
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amygdala |
controls fear responses, the secretion of hormones, arousal and the formation of emotional memories |
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4 lobes of cerebral cortex and functions |
1. frontal - reasoning, motor skills, higher level cognition, and expressive language 2.parietal - processing tactical sensory info such as pressure, touch, and pain 3. temporal - interprets sounds and language and also forms memories 4. occipital - receives and interprets things seen |
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motor cortex |
controls voluntary movement (frontal lobe) |
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sensory cortex |
registers and processes body touch and movement sensations (parietal lobe) |
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association areas |
not involved in primary motor and sensory skills but in higher mental functions such as learning |
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aphasia |
impairment of language, usually caused by left hemisphere damage |
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_____ area is known to play a crucial role in speech production while ____ area is involved in speech comprehension |
brocas. wernickes. |
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"split brain" patients are individuals who have had their _____ cut in order to reduce the occurrence of seizures. |
corpus callosum |
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what is laterlization? how is it involved with split brain? |
tendency for a function to be more controlled by one side of the brain than the other. we want the split brain patient to not have things bounce between hemispheres. |