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61 Cards in this Set
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Developmental Psychology
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A branch of psychology that studies physical, cognitive, and social change throughout the life span.
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Zygote
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The fertilized egg; it enters 2-week period of rapid cell division and develops into an embryo
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Embryo
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The developing human organism from about 2 weeks after fertilization through the second month
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Fetus
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The developing human organism from 9 weeks after conception to birth
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Teratogens
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Agents, such as some chemicals and viruses, that can reach the embryo or fetus during prenatal development and cause harm
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Fetal Alcohol Syndrome (FAS)
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Physical and cognitive abnormalities in children caused by a pregnant woman's heavy drinking. In sever cases, symptoms include noticeable facial misproportions
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Rooting Reflex
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A baby's tendency, when touched on the cheek, to open the mouth and search for the nipple
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Maturation
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Biological growth processes that enable orderly changes in behavior, relatively uninfluenced by experience
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Schema
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A concept or framework that organizes and interprets information
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Assimilation
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Interpreting one's new experience in terms of one's existing schemas
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Accomodation
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Adapting one's current understandings (schemas) to incorporate new information
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Cognition
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All the mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering, and communicating
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Sensorimotor Stage
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In Piaget's theory, the stage (from birth to about 2 years of age) during which infants know the world mostly in terms of their sensory impressions and motor activities
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Object Permanence
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The awareness that things continue to exist even when not perceived
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Preoperational Stage
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In Piaget's theory, the stage (from about 2 to 6 or 7 years of age) during which a child learns to use language but does not yet comprehend the mental operations of concrete logic
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Conservation
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The principle (which Piaget believed to be a part of concrete operational reasoning) that properties such as mass, volume, and number remain the same despite changes in the forms of objects
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Egocentrism
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In Piaget's theory, the inability of the preoperational child to take another's point of view
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Theory of Mind
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People's ideas about their own and others' mental states-about their feelings, perceptions, and thoughts and the behavior these might predict
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Autism
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A disorder that appears in childhood and is marked by deficient communication, social interaction, and understanding of others' states of mind
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Concrete Operational Stage
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In Piaget's theory, the stage of cognitive development (from about 6 or 7 to 11 years of age) during which children gain the mental operations that enable them to think logically about concrete events
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Formal Operation Stage
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In Piaget's theory, the stage of cognitive development (normally beginning about age 12) during which people begin to think logically about abstract concepts
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Stranger Anxiety
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The fear of strangers that infants commonly display, beginning by about 8 months of age
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Attachment
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An emotional tie with another person; shown in young children by their seeking closeness to the caregiver and showing distress on seperation
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Critical Period
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An optimal period shortly after birth when an organism's exposure to certain stimuli or experiences produces proper development
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Imprinting
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The process by which certain animals form attachments during a critical period very early in life
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Basic Trust
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According to Erik Erikson, a sense that the world is predictable and trustworthy; said to be formed during infancy by appropriate experiences with responsive caregivers
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Self-Concept
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A sense of one's identity and personal worth
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Social Psychology
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The scientific study of how we think about, influence, and relate to one another
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Attribution Theory
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The theory that we tend to give a causal explanation for someone's behavior, often by crediting either the situation or the person's disposition
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Fundamental Attribution Error
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The tendency for observers, when analyzing another's behavior, to underestimate the impact of the situation and to overestimate the impact of personal disposition
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Attitude
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A belief and feeling that predisposes one to respond in a particular way to objects, people, and events
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Foot-in-the-door phenomenon
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The tendency for people who have first agreed to a small request to comply later with a larger request
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Cognitive Dissonance Theory
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The theory that we act to reduce the discomfort (dissonance) we feel when two of our thoughts (cognitions) are inconsistent.
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Conformity
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Adjusting one's behavior or thinking to coincide with a group standard
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Normative Social Influences
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Influence resulting from a person's desire to gain approval or avoid disapproval
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Informational Social Influences
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Influence resulting from one's willingness to accept others' opinions about reality
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Social Facilitation
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Improved performance of tasks in the presence of others; occurs with simple or well-learned tasks but not with tasks that are difficult or not yet mastered
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Social Loafing
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The tendency for people in a group to exert less effort when pooling their efforts toward attaining a common goal than when individually accountable
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Deindividuation
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The loss of self-awareness and self-restraint occurring in group situations that foster arousal and anonymity
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Group Polarization
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The enhancement of a group's prevailing attitudes through discussion within the group
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Groupthink
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The mode of thinking that occurs when the desire for harmony in a decision-making group overrides a realistic appraisal of alternatives.
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Prejudice
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An unjustifiable (and usually negative) attitude toward a group and its members. Prejudice generally involves stereotyped beliefs, negative feelings, and a predisposition to discriminatory action
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Stereotype
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A generalized (sometimes accurate but often overgeneralized) belief about a group of people
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Ingroup
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"Us"-people with whom one shares a common identity
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Outgroup
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"Them"-those perceived as different or apart from one's ingroup.
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Scapegoat Theory
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The theory that prejudice offers an outlet for anger by providing someone to blame
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Just-World Phenomenon
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The tendency of people to believe the world is just and that people therefore get what they deserve and deserve what they get
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Aggression
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Any physical or verbal behavior to hurt or destroy
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Frustration-Aggression Principle
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The principle that frustration-the blocking of an attempt to achieve some goal creates anger, which can generate aggression
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Conflict
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A perceived incompatibility of actions, goals, or ideas
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Social Trap
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A situation in which the conflicting parties, by each rationality pursuing their self-interest, become caught in mutually destructive behavior
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Mere Exposure Effect
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The phenomenon that repeated exposure to novel stimuli increases liking of them
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Passionate Love
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An aroused state of intense positive absorption in another, usually present at the beginning of a love relationship
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Compassionate Love
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The deep affectionate attachment we feel for those with whom our lives are intertwined
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Equity
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A condition in which people receive from a relationship in proportion to what they give to it
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Self-Disclosure
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Revealing intimate aspects of oneself to others
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Altruism
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Unselfish regard for the welfare of others
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Bystander Effect
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The tendency for any given bystander to be less likely to give aid if other bystanders are present.
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Social Exchange Theory
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The theory that our social behavior is an exchange process, the aim of which is to maximize benefits and minimize costs
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Superordinate Goals
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Shared goals that override differences among people and require their cooperation
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GRIT
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-Graduated and Reciprocated Initiatives in Tension-Reduction
-A strategy designed to decrease international tensions |