Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
47 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Cognition |
The way in which information is processed and manipulated in remembering, thinking, and knowing. |
|
Artificial Intelligence (AI) |
A scientific field that focuses on creating machines capable of performing activities that require intelligence when they are done by people.
|
|
Thinking |
The mental process of manipulating information mentally by forming concepts, solving problems, making decisions, and reflecting critically or creatively.
|
|
Concept
|
A mental category that is used to group object, events and characteristics.
|
|
Prototype model |
A model emphasizing that when people evaluate whether a given item reflects a certain concept, they compare the item with the most typical item(s) in that category and look for a "family resemblance" with that items properties. |
|
Problem solving |
The mental process of finding an appropriate way to attain a goal when the goal is not readily available.
|
|
Subgoals |
Intermediate goals or intermediate problems that put us in a better position for reaching the final goal or solution |
|
Algorithms |
Strategies-including formulas, instructions, and the testing of all possible solutions that guarantee a solution to a problem. |
|
Heuristics |
Shortcut strategies or guidelines that suggest a solution to a problem but do not guarantee an answer. |
|
Fixation |
Using a prior strategy and failing to look at a problem from a fresh new perspective. |
|
Functional Fixedness |
Failing to solve a problem as a result of fixation on a things usual functions. |
|
Reasoning |
The mental activity of transforming information to reach conclusions |
|
inductive Reasoning |
Reasoning from specific observations to make generalizations. |
|
Deductive reasoning |
Reasoning from a general case that is known to be true to a specific instance. |
|
Decision Making |
The mental activity of evaluating alternatives and choosing among them. |
|
Confirmation Bias |
The tendency to search for and use information that supports our ideas rather than refutes them.
|
|
Hindsight Bias |
The tendency to report falsely after the fact that we accurately predicted an outcome. |
|
Availability Heuristic |
A prediction about the probability of an event based on the ease of recalling or imagining similar events. |
|
Base Rate Fallacy |
The tendency to ignore information about general principles in favor of very specific but vivid information.
|
|
Representativeness Heuristic |
The tendency to make judgments about group membership based on physical appearances or the match between a person and one's stereotype of a group rather than on available base rate and information.
|
|
Mindfulness |
The state of being alert and mentally present for one's everyday activities. |
|
Open-Mindedness |
The state of being receptive to other ways of looking at things. |
|
Creativity |
The ability to think about something in novel and unusual way and to devise unconventional solutions to problems. |
|
Divergent Thinking |
Thinking that produces many solutions to the same problem. |
|
Convergent thinking |
Thinking that produces the single best solution to a problem. |
|
Intelligence |
All-Purpose ability to do well on cognitive tasks, to solve problems, and to learn from experience. |
|
Validity |
To extent to which a test measures what it is intended to measure. |
|
Reliability |
The extent to which a test yields a consistent,reproducible measure of performance. |
|
Standardization |
The development of uniform procedures for administering and scoring a test and the creation of norms (performance standards) for the test. |
|
Mental Age (MA) |
An individuals level of mental development relative to that of others. |
|
Intelligence Quotient (IQ) |
An individuals mental age divided by chronological age multiplied by 100 |
|
Normal Distribution |
A symmetrical, bell-shaped curve, with a majority of the scores falling in the middle of the possible range and few scores appearing toward the extremes of the range |
|
Culture Fair Tests |
Intelligence tests that are intended to culturally unbiased. |
|
Heritability |
The proportion of observable differences in a group that can be explained b differences in the genes of the group's members. |
|
Gifted |
Possessing high intelligence and/ or superior talent in a particular area. |
|
Intellectual Disability |
A Condition of limited mental ability in which an individual has a low IQ, usually below 70 on a traditional intelligence test, and has difficulty adapting to everyday life. |
|
Triarchic Theory Of Intelligence |
Sternberg's theory that intelligence comes in three forms: Analytical, creative, and practical. |
|
Language |
A form of communication
|
|
Infinite Generativity |
The ability of language to produce an endless number of meaningful sentences |
|
Phonology |
A languages sound system. |
|
Morphologhy |
A languages rules for word formation |
|
Syntax |
A languages rules for combining words to form acceptable phrases and sentences |
|
Semantics |
The meaning of words and sentences in a particular language |
|
Pragmatics |
The useful character of language and the ability of language to communicate even more meaning than is said. |
|
Cognitive Appraisal |
Individuals interpretation of the events in their lives as harmful, threatening or challenging. |
|
Coping |
Managing taxing circumstances, expending effort to solve life's problems, and seeking to master or reduce stress. |
|
Cognitive reappraisal |
Regulating one's feelings about an experience by reinterpreting that experience or thinking about it in a different way or from a different angle. |