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133 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
A teratogen is a(n) |
substance that can cross the placental barrier and harm an unborn child. |
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A critical period is a phase during which |
certain events have a particularly strong impact on development.
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Which of the following is an example of a secondary sex characteristic? |
male facial hair
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According to Kohlberg, postconventional morality involves |
affirmation of self-defined ethical principles.
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Erikson suggested that the adolescent search for identity is followed by a developing capacity for |
intimacy |
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Compared with their counterparts of 40 years ago, American men today are marrying |
at an older age and American women are marrying at an older age. |
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Professor Parker suggested that heterosexual adults are genetically predisposed to form monogamous bonds because this practice facilitated the cooperative nurture and survival of children. The professor's suggestion best illustrates a(n) ________ perspective. |
evolutionary |
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Marie feels socially useful in her career as a financial investment advisor. Erik Erikson would have suggested that Marie experiences a sense of |
generativity |
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During the course of successful prenatal development, a human organism begins as a( |
zygote and finally develops into a fetus.
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Psychologist Simon Baron-Cohen has proposed that autism is indicative of an inborn |
male systemizing tendency |
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When Tommy's mother hides his favorite toy under a blanket, he acts as though it no longer exists and makes no attempt to retrieve it. Tommy is clearly near the beginning of Piaget's ________ stage. |
sensorimotor |
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Unlike ducklings, children do not imprint. Their fondness for certain people, however, is fostered by |
mere exposure.
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Learning to delay gratification promotes |
moral action.
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Researchers have discovered that the midlife transition between early and middle adulthood is characterized by unusually high levels of |
none of these feelings or events.
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Those who criticize theories of age-linked adult developmental stages are most likely to emphasize the importance of ________ on adult development. |
the social clock
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People have been most likely to describe themselves as a “sandwich generation” during their |
middle adulthood |
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The feature detectors identified by Hubel and Wiesel consist of |
nerve cells in the brain.
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When we look at a clock showing 8 A.M., certain brain cells in our visual cortex are more responsive than when the hands show 10 A.M. This is most indicative of |
feature detection.
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As a jackhammer operator who has experienced prolonged exposure to high-amplitude drilling, Alex is beginning to lose his hearing. It is most likely that this hearing loss results from damage to |
hair cells.
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During the months when there is a large amount of pollen in the air, your hay fever severely affects your sense of smell. At the same time your food all seems to taste the same. This illustrates the importance of |
sensory interaction.
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The perceptual tendency to fill in gaps in order to perceive disconnected parts as a whole object is called |
closure |
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Holding two index fingers in front of the eyes can create the perception of a floating finger sausage. This best illustrates the effect of |
retinal disparity.
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Perceiving objects as unchanging even as illumination and retinal images change is known as |
perceptual constancy.
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Plants have nerve cells similar to those of birds and insects. |
False |
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It is believed that dolphins rescue people in the water because they have empathy of other creatures. |
False |
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Subliminally presented stimuli |
can sometimes be consciously perceived.
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The constant quivering movements of our eyes enable us to |
minimize sensory adaptation.
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The feature detectors identified by Hubel and Wiesel consist of |
nerve cells in the brain.
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The brain can interpret the loudness of sounds from |
the number of activated hair cells.
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Sense perception cells that project antennalike hairs are located within |
taste buds.
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Retinal disparity refers to the |
somewhat different images our two eyes receive of the same object.
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Ebbinghaus' use of nonsense syllables to study memory led to the discovery that
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the amount remembered depends on the time spent learning.
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“The Magical Number Seven, plus or minus two” refers to the storage capacity of ________ memory.
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short-term
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For a moment after hearing his dog's high-pitched bark, Mr. Silvers has a vivid auditory impression of the dog's yelp. His experience most clearly illustrates ________ memory.
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echoic
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After being asked to remember three consonants, participants in a study by Peterson and Peterson counted aloud backward by threes to prevent
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rehearsal |
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Passing an electric current through the brain during electroconvulsive therapy is most likely to disrupt ________ memory.
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short-term
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Memories are primed by
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retrieval cues.
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While in a context similar to one you've been in before, you see a stranger who looks and walks like one of your friends. These circumstances are likely to trigger the experience of
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déjà vu.
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By incorporating errors originating from a hypnotist's leading questions, “hypnotically refreshed” memories often illustrate
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the misinformation effect.
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Our assumptions about the past often influence the form in which information is retrieved from long-term memory. This fact is most relevant to appreciating the importance of
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memory construction.
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People with vivid imaginations are more likely than others to experience a(n)
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false memory.
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Old information can sometimes facilitate our learning of new information as when knowing Spanish can help us learn Italian. This facilitating effect is called
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positive transfer.
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Ebbinghaus discovered that the rate at which we forget newly learned information is initially
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rapid and subsequently slows down.
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To help resolve the controversy over reports of repressed memories of sexual abuse, the major psychological and psychiatric associations suggest that
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adult memories of experiences happening before age 3 are unreliable.
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One day after Usha hears her mother's list of 12 grocery items, Usha is most likely to remember the items ________ of the list.
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at the beginning
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Visualizing an object and actually seeing that object activate similar brain areas. This most clearly contributes to
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imagination inflation.
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Sigmund Freud emphasized that the forgetting of painful experiences is caused by a process that involves
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retrieval failure.
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After learning the combination for his new locker at school, Milton is unable to remember the combination for his year-old bicycle lock. Milton is experiencing the effects of
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retroactive interference.
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Proactive interference refers to the
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disruptive effect of prior learning on the recall of new information.
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If a stranger looks like someone who previously harmed or threatened us in some way, we may—without consciously recalling the earlier experience—react warily. This illustrates that our reactions to others may be influenced by
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intuition.
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A single, memorable case of welfare fraud can have a greater impact on people's estimates of welfare abuse than do statistics showing that this case is actually the exception to the rule. This illustrates that judgments are influenced by the
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availability heuristic.
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Using barely recognizable syllables to communicate meaning best illustrates a 12-month-old's developing capacity for
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productive language.
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The heritability of intelligence refers to
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the percentage of variation in intelligence within a group that is attributable to genetic factors.
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Research indicates that Head Start programs
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reduce the likelihood that participants will repeat grades or require special education.
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A mental set is most likely to inhibit
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creativity.
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Dean overestimates the proportion of family chores for which he takes sole responsibility because it's easier for him to recall what he has done than to recall what other family members have done. This best illustrates the impact of
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the availability heuristic.
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The danger of using the representativeness heuristic is that it may lead us to
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judge event likelihood solely on the basis of event memorability.
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Research on the language capabilities of apes clearly demonstrates that they
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can communicate through the use of symbols.
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The concept of emotional intelligence is most likely to be criticized for
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extending the definition of intelligence to an overly broad range of skills.
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The similarity between the intelligence test scores of identical twins raised apart is
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greater than that between ordinary siblings reared together.
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Happy children are more strongly motivated to learn language |
False |
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Activity in the ________ depresses hunger.
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ventromedial hypothalamus
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Which theory has been accused of simply naming rather than explaining behaviors?
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instinct |
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Which theory would be most likely to predict that rats are motivated to explore precisely those areas of an experimental maze where they receive mild electric shocks?
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arousal theory
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An aroused, motivated state that is often triggered by a physiological need is called a(n)
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drive.
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In one experiment, professional actors played the role of either normal-weight or overweight job applicants. Research participants' willingness to hire the applicants revealed
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greater discrimination against overweight women than against overweight men.
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Research on obesity and weight control indicates that
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no matter how carefully people diet, they never lose fat cells.
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People's dislike of novel foods best illustrates
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neophobia.
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A body that can store fat has the advantage of possessing
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stored energy.
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When people's images on a video monitor are widened to make them look fatter, observers perceive them as
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less sincere and less friendly.
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Research on sex hormones and human sexual behavior indicates that
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women's sexual interests are somewhat influenced by the phases of their menstrual cycles.
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In most nonhuman mammals, female sexual receptivity is greatest when
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estrogen levels are highest.
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Condoms ________ the risk of contracting skin-to-skin STIs. Condoms ________ the risk of contracting HIV, which causes AIDS.
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fail to reduce; reduce
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Gender differences in erotic plasticity are best illustrated by the fact that women
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tend to be more changeable than men in sexual orientation.
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Evidence that brain anatomy differences account for variations in sexual orientation is provided by the fact that these brain differences
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originate at about the time of birth.
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Research has found that an animal's sexual orientation can be altered by
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manipulations of prenatal hormone conditions.
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Most STDs are easily treatable with antibiotics.
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True
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Basal metabolic rate is the body's resting rate of
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energy expenditure.
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Our weight thermostats are somewhat flexible and are influenced by psychological as well as biological factors. Some researchers have therefore adopted the term
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settling point.
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For a thirsty person, drinking water serves to reduce
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a drive.
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Victims of a famine will often eat unappetizing and nutritionally poor foods simply to relieve their constant hunger. Their behavior is best explained in terms of
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drive-reduction theory.
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According to Maslow, our need for ________ must be met before we are preoccupied with satisfying our need for ________.
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adequate clothing; self-esteem
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Destruction of the ventromedial hypothalamus of a rat is most likely to
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cause the rat to become extremely fat.
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Having lost weight, formerly obese individuals have ________ fat cells and ________ metabolic rates.
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smaller; slower
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Anorexia patients are most likely to have parents who
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are high-achieving and protective.
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Research on the sexual response cycle indicates that
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enough sperm may be released prior to male orgasm to enable conception.
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The basic components of emotion are
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expressive behaviors, physiological arousal, and conscious experience.
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As people experience negative emotions
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the right frontal lobe becomes more electrically active.
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Test performance is typically ________ when physiological arousal is ________.
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best; moderate
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Compared with men, women are ________ effective in discerning whether a male-female couple are romantically involved, and they are ________ effective in discerning which of two people in a photo is the other's supervisor.
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more; more
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People are especially good at quickly detecting facial expressions of
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anger.
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In terms of ability to recognize others' facial expressions of emotion
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introverts do better than extraverts and women do better than men.
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Which of the following factors has been found to be clearly related to feelings of general happiness or life satisfaction?
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having a meaningful religious faith
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Relative deprivation refers to the tendency for our personal happiness to be heavily influenced by
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others' attainments.
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The pervasiveness of stress is best illustrated by the fact that the most significant category of life-event stressors involves
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everyday annoyances.
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As you are waiting to be interviewed for a job, your heart rate, body temperature, and breathing rate begin to increase. These physiological changes are produced by activation of the ________ nervous system.
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sympathetic
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In the 1920s, Walter Cannon discovered that stress produced an outpouring of ________ into the bloodstream.
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epinephrine and norepinephrine
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In response to stress, the adrenal glands release
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epinephrine.
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Aerobic exercise is associated with
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increased levels of serotonin and increased levels of the endorphins.
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Volunteers who participated in an eight-week course in mindfulness meditation exhibited increased levels of the ______ activity associated with positive emotions.
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hemisphere
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Mildly depressed female college students assigned to a program of ________ reported a greater decrease in depression than those assigned to a program of ________.
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aerobic exercise; relaxation exercises
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Freud referred to the largely conscious “executive” part of the personality as the
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superego
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Freud suggested that the remembered events and images in our dreams were a censored expression of the dream's
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latent content.
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Freud suggested that slips of the tongue illustrate an incomplete
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repression.
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Social cues are especially likely to influence our behavior in ______ settings, and personality traits are especially likely to influence our behavior in ______ situations.
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unfamiliar; informal
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Compared with European-American students, Asian-American students express a somewhat greater ________ about their future performance, which may help to explain their impressive academic achievements.
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pessimism
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Research on self-perception indicates that most people
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view themselves very favorably in comparison to most others.
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Personality is fruitfully studied at multiple levels of analysis because people are best understood as
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biopsychosocial organisms.
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The concept of personality most clearly embodies the notion of
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behavioral consistency.
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Freud referred to the largely conscious “executive” part of the personality as the
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superego.
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Forgotten memories that we can easily recall were said by Freud to be
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preconscious.
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Freud would have suggested that an excessive fixation is most likely to contribute to
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regression.
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Humanistic theorists have been criticized for
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underestimating the inherent human capacity for destructive and evil behaviors.
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Contemporary psychologists are LEAST likely to agree with Freud's belief that
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conscience and gender identity form during the process of resolving the Oedipus complex.
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Arguments as to whether people's behavior is more strongly influenced by temporary external influences or by enduring inner influences best characterize the
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person-situation controversy.
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Which theorists have been most directly criticized for underestimating the variability of behavior from situation to situation?
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trait
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The person-situation controversy involves a debate regarding the influence of ________ and ________ on behavior.
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environments; traits
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Emma believes that she will succeed in business if she works hard and carefully manages her time. Her belief most clearly illustrates
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an internal locus of control.
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People are more critical of their ________ selves than of their ________ selves.
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past; current
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With respect to bipolar disorder in children: |
Right now it is difficult to diagnose bipolar disorder in some children because they may not exhibit the same mood episodes as adults. |
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Bipolar disorder does not seem to run in families. |
False |
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A World Health Organization study of 20 countries estimated that ________ had the highest prevalence of mental disorders during the prior year. |
the United States |
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Women are at greater risk of depression than men partially because women are more likely to ________ in response to stressful circumstances. |
overthink |
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Which perspective suggests that explaining our own failures in terms that are global, stable, and internal contributes to depression? |
social-cognitive |
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People who suffer chronic depression are at high risk for experiencing |
social rejection. |
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Which perspective suggests that depression is a reaction to loss and the internalization of unresolved anger toward parents? |
psychoanalytic |
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A reduced level of synchronized neural activity in the frontal lobes has been associated with symptoms of ________ schizophrenia. |
chronic |
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People with reactive schizophrenia more often have the ________ symptoms that respond to drug therapy. |
positive |
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Positive symptoms of schizophrenia are the ________ of inappropriate behaviors, and negative symptoms are the ________ of appropriate behaviors. |
presence; absence |
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An incapacitating and highly distressing fear about being embarrassed in the presence of others is most characteristic of |
social phobia. |
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A generalized anxiety disorder is characterized by |
a continuous state of tension, apprehension, and autonomic nervous system arousal. |
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Cecil is preoccupied with thoughts of jumping out the window of his tenth-floor apartment. To reduce his anxiety, he frequently counts his heartbeats aloud. Cecil would most likely be diagnosed as experiencing |
obsessive-compulsive disorder. |
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Exhibiting two or more distinct and alternating personalities is a symptom of a(n) |
dissociative disorder. |