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51 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
What is developmental psychology?
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The study of age related differences and changes in behavior.
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What is the major implication of changes in the population pyramid in the year 2030?
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A larger group of older people and a smaller group (%) of middle aged.
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Explain the nature versus nurture controversy.
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Nature refers to an organism's biological inheritance, nurture to its environmental experiences. The nature proponents claim biological inheritance is the most important influence on development; the nurture proponents claim that environmental experiences are the most important.
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Distinguish between longitudinal and cross-sectional research.
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Longitudinal is following the same age groups through time whereas cross-sectional is investigating different age groups at one time.
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Distinguish between time-lag design and a sequential design.
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Time lag researches the same age groups at different times whereas sequential may use a variety of approaches such as combining time lag and longitudinal.
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What is a coefficient of correlation?
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A statistical index used to indicate the degree of correlation between variables. Varies between +1.00 and -1.00.
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What are Piaget’s four stages of cognitive development?
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Sensorimotor (0-2 years)
Preoperational (2-7 years) Concrete Operations (7-11 years) Formal Operations (11+) |
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Explain Vygotsky’s theory.
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Emphasizes developmental analysis, language and social relations.
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What are four ways age has been conceptualized?
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Chronological, biological, psychological, social
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Be able to recognize any of Freud’s stages by name only.
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Oral, Anal, Phallic, Latency, Genital
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Be able to recognize any of Erikson’s theories by name only.
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integrity vs despair, generativity vs stagnation, intimacy vs isolation, identity vs identity confusion, industry vs inferiority, initiative vs guilt, autonomy vs shame and doubt, trust vs mistrust.
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Be able to recognize one of the careers in Appendix, Chapter 1.
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Preschool/kindergarten teacher-preschool teachers mainly 4 year old children and kindergarten teachers teach 5 year old children. They usually have an undergraduate degree in education, specializing in early childhood education. State certification is usually required.
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1. What individual qualities do chromosomes control? (L)
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Unique physical characteristics, Shared growth patterns, possibly Temperament , Intelligence and related
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2. Explain how chromosomes determine the sex of a child.
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Female = X + X (XX)
Male = X + Y (XY) |
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Describe the chromosomal alignment in the 4 sex-linked chromosomal abnormalities.
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Klinefelter (XXY)
Fragile X (weak X) Turner (missing X) XYY syndrome (XYY) |
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List the five most common infertility treatments.
In vitro fertilization (IVF) Gamete intrafallopian transfer (GIFT) Intrauterine insemination (IUI) Zygote intrafallopian transfer (ZIFT) Intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) |
In vitro fertilization (IVF)
Gamete intrafallopian transfer (GIFT) Intrauterine insemination (IUI) Zygote intrafallopian transfer (ZIFT) Intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) |
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What is positive eugenics? Negative eugenics? (L)
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PE = selective breeding for positive characteristics
NE = selective breeding to weed out negative characteristics |
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How many chromosomes does the nucleus of each human cell contain?
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23 pairs.
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What are the three periods of prenatal development?
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Germinal….0-2 weeks
Embryonic….2-8 weeks Fetal….8 weeks – birth |
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List one major event of each prenatal period.
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G = attachment of zygote (implantation)
E = organs appear (organogenesis) F = cellular specialization |
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What is FAS?
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Fetal alcohol syndrome
Mild to extreme effects |
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List two of several environmental teratogens.
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radiation
chemical toxic waste PCB’s computer monitors (?) hot tubs |
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List two of the five signs indicating a need for professional counseling about postpartum adaptation as mentioned in the text.
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worry, depression, appetite, crying, sleeplessness
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List two examples of teratogens (p. 98)
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drugs and infectious diseases.
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What is bonding?
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The formation of a close connection.
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Distinguish between cephalocaudal and proximodistal patterns of growth
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c = head to toe
p = center to extremities |
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What are some advantages of breast feeding?
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fewer allergies, reduced infections, denser bones
reduced cancer, less SIDS, neuro and cognitive development visual acuity |
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When is the best time to toilet train?
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readiness approach, when ready!
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List two of five newborn reflexes
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sucking, rooting, moro, grasping, Babinski
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Describe the visual ability of a newborn.
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20/400 & 20/800, can see colors
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Describe the auditory perception of a newborn.
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good, but not as good as adults
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Describe the olfactory perception of a newborn.
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can differentiate odors
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Describe taste preferences of a newborn.
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present even before birth
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Describe primary circular reactions.
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1-4 months, exploration self
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Describe secondary circular reactions
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4-8 months, exploration of environment, goals
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Describe tertiary circular reactions
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12 - 18 months, cause and effect
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**What is object permanence?
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understanding objects exist even when not present – memory
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What is habituation and why is it important?
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reduced attention to a stimulus, neurological development
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Differentiate between Piaget’s scheme and a T.A. scheme. (L)
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P = cognitive structure
TA = cognitive and affective structure |
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differentiate all the age classifications
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chronological-the number of years that have elapsed since birth.
biological-a person's age in terms of biological health. psychological-an individual's adaptive capacities compared with those of other individuals of the same chronological age. social-social roles and expectations related to a person's age. |
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What is the average length and weight of North American newborns?
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20 inches long
7 1/2 pounds |
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What sleeping position reduces the risk of SIDS?
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sleep on their backs
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What is intermodal perception?
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integrating information from two or more sensory modalities, such as vision and hearing.
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List two of the three types of cry.
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basic anger pain
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List Thomas & Chess’ three basic types of temperament.
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easy 40%
difficult 10% slow-to-warm-up 15% (other) 35% |
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What is Erik Erikson’s first stage of development.
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trust-versus-mistrust
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What increases secure attachment according to Ainsworth?
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sensitivity to infants signals
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List 2 types of smiling
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reflexive and social
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When does stranger anxiety typically appear
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at 6 months
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How do caregivers of insecure avoidant babies interact with them?
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tend to be unavailable or rejecting
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What should be considered when choosing day care?
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patterns of use, quality of care, amount of child care.
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