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34 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Nonassociative Learning |
Repeated exposure to one type of stimulus 1) Habituation ("tuning out") 2) Sensitization (Increase in responsiveness) |
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Associative Learning |
An event, object, or action is directly associated with another 1) Classical conditioning 2) Operant conditioning |
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Classical Conditioning |
Two stimuli are paired so the response to one stimulus changes |
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Neutral Stimulus |
Classical conditioning - stimulus that initially has no intrinsic response (bell) |
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Unconditioned Stimulus |
Stimulus (presentation of food) that elicits an unconditioned response (salivation) |
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Conditioned Stimulus |
Originally neutral stimulus paired with unconditioned stimulus |
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Conditioned Response |
Learned response to the conditioned stimulus |
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Acquisition |
Learning the conditioned response |
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Extinction |
Unpairing of conditioned/unconditioned stimulus |
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Spontaneous Recovery |
An extinct conditioned response occurs again when the conditioned stimulus is presented |
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Generalization |
Stimuli other than the conditioned stimulus elicit a conditioned response |
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Discrimination |
Opposite of generalization |
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Operant Conditioning |
Uses reinforcement and punishment to mold behavior and cause associative learning (B.F. Skinner - Skinner Box experiment) |
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Positive Reinforcement |
Positive stimulus immediately following behavior |
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Negative reinforcement |
Removal of a negative stimulus immediately following behavior |
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Reinforcement |
Increasing a desired behavior |
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Primary reinforcer |
Satisfying or desirable |
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Secondary Reinforcer |
Neutral stimuli paired with primary reinforcers to make them conditioned (i.e. saying "sit" and giving a dog a treat) |
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Continuous Reinforcement Schedule |
Every occurrence of behavior is reinforced (faster acquisition, but fast extinction after reinforcement is removed) |
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Intermittent Reinforcement Schedule |
Occurrences are sometimes reinforced and sometimes not (slower acquisition, but longer persistence of behavior) |
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Fixed-Ratio Schedule |
Reinforcement after a set number of instances of behavior |
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Variable-Ratio Schedule |
Reinforcement after an unpredictable number of behaviors |
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Fixed-Interval Schedule |
Reinforcement after a set period of time |
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Variable-Interval Schedule |
Reinforcement after an inconsistent amount of time |
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Punishment |
Decreasing an undesired behavior |
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Positive Punishment |
Application of a negative stimulus with a behavior |
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Negative Punishment |
Removal of a reinforcing stimulus after a negative behavior occurs |
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Escape |
Engaging in a particular behavior to avoid an aversive stimulus |
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Avoidance |
Performing a behavior to ensure an aversive stimulus is not presented |
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Behaviorism |
Explanation of psychology through observable antecedents of behaviors and its consequences |
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Cognitive Psychology |
Focus on the brain, cognition, and their effects |
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Insight Learning |
Previously learned behaviors are combined in unique ways |
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Latent Learning |
Something is learned but not expressed as an observable behavior until it is required |
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Modeling |
Imitating observed behavior (Albert Bandura - bobo doll experiment) |