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49 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
psychology |
science of behaviour and mental processes |
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bias |
beliefs that interfere with objectivity |
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law of parsimony |
principle that simple explanations of phenomena are preferred to complex explanations |
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placebo effect |
In drug research, positive effects with a person's beliefs and attitudes about the drug, even when it contains no active ingredients |
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scientific method |
system of investigation involving observations, proposing theories, make hypothesis, and then testing hypothesis through more research and observations |
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theory |
explanation for a phenomenon based on careful and precise observations |
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hypothesis |
prediction about future behaviours that is derived from observation and theories |
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case study |
in-depth study of a single person that can often provide suggestions for further research |
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naturalistic observation |
study of behaviour in its typical setting, with no attempt to alter it |
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scatterplot |
grap that depicts the relation between two variables |
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correlation coefficient |
number ranging between -1.00 and +1.00 that represents the degree and direction of relation between two variables |
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survey method |
research method that involves collecting information from a selected group of people who are representative of a larger group |
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representative sample |
sample selected so that it reflects the characteristics of a population of interest to the researcher |
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qualitative research |
a hollistic research method that seeks to provide a complete narrative description of an entire phenomenon or culture |
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experimental method |
research method that involves manipulating independent variables to determine how they effect dependent variables |
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independent variable |
variable manipulated by a researcher to determine its effects on a dependent variable |
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dependent variable |
variable that shows the outcome of an experiment by revealing the effects of an independent variable |
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operational definition |
a careful and precise definition that allows other researchers to repeat an experiment |
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experimental group |
the group in an experiment that receives the e effect of the independent variable being manipulated |
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control group |
a comparison group in an experiment that does not receive the effect of the independent variable being manipulated |
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extraneous variables |
variables other than the independent variable that can influence the outcome of an experiment |
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random assignment |
assignment of experimental participants to two or more groups on the basis of chance |
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statistics |
branch of mathematics that involves the collection, analysis, and interpretation of data |
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descriptive statistics |
procedures used to summarize any set of data |
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inferential statistics |
procedures used to analyze data after an experiment is completed; used to determine if the independent variable has a significant effect |
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measures of central tendency |
descriptive measures of a set of data that tell us about a typical score |
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measures of variability |
descriptive measures that tell us about the amount of variablitity or spread in a set of data |
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informed consent |
written document in which a person who might be involved in a research study agrees to participate after receiving information about the researcher's specific procedures |
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debriefing |
procedure during which a complete explanation of research that has involved deception is provided to a participant |
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structuralism |
earliest approach in modern psychology by Titchener. Its goal was to analyze the basic elements of conscious experience |
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introspection |
structural psychologists' major method, in which participants reported the contents of their conscious experience |
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cognitive psychology |
study of higher mental processes, such as thinking, knowing and deciding |
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functionalism |
approach to psychology that focuses on the purposes of consciousness |
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Gestalt psycholgoy |
approach to psychology most notes for emphasizing that our perception of a whole is different from our perception of the individual stimuli |
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behavioural perspective |
perspective that focuses on observable behaviour and emphasizes the learned nature of behaviour |
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psychodynamic perspective |
view taken by Sigmund Freud and his followers suggesting that normal and abnormal behaviours are determined primarily by unconscious forces |
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psychoanalytic therapy |
treatment for maladaptive behaviour developed by Freud, it's goal is to bring unconscious causes of behaviour to the conscious level |
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humanistic perspective |
approach to psychology associated with Maslow and Rogers; emphasizes free will and individuals' control over their own behaviour |
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physiological perspective |
view that behaviours and mental processes can be understood and explained by studying the underlying physiology |
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evolutionary perspective |
interest in the role a physiological structure or behaviour plays in helping an organism adapt to its environment |
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cognitive perspective |
view that focuses on the study of how thought occurs, how our memories work, and how information is organized and stored |
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eclectic approach |
view of psychology that combines several different approaches |
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clinical psychology |
involves the diagnosis and treatment of psychological disorders |
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ethnocentrism |
the view that other cultures are an extension of your own |
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cross-cultural psychology |
brand pf psychology whose goal is to determine if research results can be applied to other cultures |
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industrial and organizational psychologist |
psychologist who applies psychology to problems of businesses and other organziations |
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consumer psychology |
studies consumers and the choices they make |
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health pyschology |
subfield of psychology that is concerned with how psychological and social variables effect health and illness |
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forensic psychologist |
who applies psychology to law and legal proceedings |