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38 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Psychology
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Scientific study of mind and behavior
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Mind
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Private inner experience
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Behavior
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Observable actions of human beings and nonhuman animals
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Nativism
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Belief that certain kinds of knowledge are innate or inborn
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Philosophical Empiricism
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Belief that all knowledge is acquired through experience
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Phrenology
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Belief that specific mental abilities and characteristics, ranging from memory to the capactity for happiness, are localized in specific regions of the brain
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Franz Joseph Gall
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Key figure in the development of phrenology
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Physiology
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The study of biological processes, especially in the human body
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Stimulus
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Sensory input from the environment
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Reaction time
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The amount of time taken to respond to a specific stimulus
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Consciousness
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A person's subjective experience of the world and the mind
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Structuralism
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The analysis of the basic elements that constitute the mind
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Introspection
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The subjective observation of one's own experience
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Functionalism
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The study of the purpose mental processes serve in enabling people to adapt to their environment
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Natural selection
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Charles Darwin's theory that the features of an organism that help it survive and reproduce are more likely than other features to be passed on to subsequent generations
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Illusions
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Errors of perception, memory, or judgment in which subjective experience differs from objective reality
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Hermann von Helmholtz
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The first man to develop methods for measuring reaction time
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Gestalt Psychology
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A psychological approach that emphasizes that we often perceive the whole rather than the sum of the parts
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Hysteria
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A temporary loss of cognitive or motor functions, usually as a result of emotionally upsetting experiences
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Unconscious
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The part of the mind that operates outside of conscious awareness but influences conscious thoughts, feelings, and actions
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Psychoanalytic Theory
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Sigmund Freud's approach to understanding human behavior that emphasizes the importance of unconscious mental processes in shaping feelings, thoughts, and behaviors
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Psychoanalysis
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A therapeutic approach that focuses on bringing unconscious material into conscious awareness to better understand psychological disorders
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Humanistic Psychology
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An approach to understanding human nature that emphasizes the positive potential of human beings
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Behaviorism
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An approach that advocates that psychologists restrict themselves to the scientific study of objectively observable behavior
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Response
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An action or physiological change elicited by a stimulus
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Reinforcement
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The consequences of a behavior that determine whether it will be more likely that the behavior will occur again
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Cognitive Psychology
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The scientific study of mental processes, including perception, thought, memory, and reasoning
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Behavioral Neuroscience
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An approach to psychology that links psychological processes to activities in the nervous system and other bodily processes
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Cognitive Neuroscience
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A field that attempts to understand the links between cognitive processes and brain activity
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Evolutionary Psychology
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A psychological approach that explains mind and behavior in terms of the adaptive value of abilities that are preserved over time by natural selection
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Social Psychology
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A subfield of psychology that studies the causes and consequences of interpersonal behavior
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Cultural Pscyhology
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The study of how cultures reflect and shape the psychological processes of their members
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American Psychological Association
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The largest organization of psychologists in the United States
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Mary Calkins
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First woman president of the APA
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Kenneth Clark
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Did research that influenced the Supreme Court decision to ban segregation in public schools
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Burrhus Frederick Skinner
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Key figure in the development of behaviorism and the principle of reinforcement
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Margaret Floy Washburn
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First woman to receive a PhD in psychology
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Paul Broca
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Worked with a brain-damaged person who could comprehend but not produce spoken language. He suggested that the mind is grounded in the material processes of the brain
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