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182 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Theory stating that dreaming occurs when the cerebral cortex synthesizes neural signals generated from activity in the lower part of the brain.
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activation-synthesis theory
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Either a physical or a psychological dependence, or both, on a drug.
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addiction
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A disorder that involves long-term, repeated, uncontrolled, compulsive, and excessive use of alcoholic beverages and that impairs the drinker's health and social relationships.
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alcoholism
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States of consciousness that require little attention and do not interfere with other ongoing activities.
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automatic processes
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Depressant drugs that decrease the activity of the central nervous system.
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barbiturates
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Periodic physiological fluctuations in the body.
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biological rhythms
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A daily behavioral or physiological cycle, such as the sleep/wake cycle.
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circadian rhythm
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Theory proposing that dreaming can be understood by applying the same cognitive concepts that are used in studying the waking mind.
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cognitive theory of dreaming
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Awareness of external events and internal sensations, including awareness of the self and thoughts about one's experiences; this awareness occurs under a condition of arousal.
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consciousness
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The most alert states of consciousness.
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controlled processes
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Psychoactive drugs that slow down mental and physical activity.
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depressants
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Psychoactive drugs that modify a person's perceptual experiences and produce visual images that are not real.
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Hallucinogens
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An altered state of consciousness or simply a psychological state of altered attention and expectation, in which the individual is unusually receptive to suggestions.
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hypnosis
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Opium and its derivatives; they depress the central nervous system's activity.
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opiates
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The physiological need for a drug, accompanied by unpleasant withdrawal symptoms, such as pain and craving, when the drug is discontinued.
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physical dependence
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Substances that act on the nervous system to alter consciousness, modify perceptions, and change moods.
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psychoactive drugs
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The strong desire to repeat the use of a drug for emotional reasons, such as a feeling of well-being and stress reduction.
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psychological dependence
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Rapid eye movement sleep; stage 5 of sleep, in which dreaming occurs.
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REM sleep
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Perspective that views hypnosis as a normal state in which the hypnotized person behaves the way he or she believes a hypnotized person should behave.
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social cognitive behavior view of hypnosis
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Psychoactive drugs that increase the central nervous system's activity.
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stimulants
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James's concept that the mind is a continuous flow of changing sensations, images, thoughts, and feelings.
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stream of consciousness
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A small structure in the brain that synchronizes its own rhythm with the daily cycle of light and dark based on input from the retina.
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suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN)
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The need to take increasing amounts of a drug to produce the same effect.
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tolerance
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Depressant drugs that reduce anxiety and induce relaxation.
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tranquilizers
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Freud's concept of a reservoir of unacceptable wishes, feelings, and thoughts that are beyond conscious awareness.
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unconscious thought
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involves controlled processing, in which individuals actively focus their efforts on attaining a goal; the most alert state of consciousness
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higher-level consciousness
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includes automatic processing that requires little attention, as well as daydreaming
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lower-level consciousness
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can be produced by drugs, trauma, fatigue, possibly hypnosis, and sensory deprivation
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alerted states of consciousness
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can occur when people are awake as well as when they are sleeping and dreaming
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subconscious awareness
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frued's belief that some unconscious thoughts are too laden with anxiety and other negative emotions for consciousness to admit them
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no awareness
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state of low-level consciousness that lies between active consciousness and dreaming
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daydreaming
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mental states that are noticeably different from normal awareness
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altered states of consiousness
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the subconscious processing that leads to a solution to a problem after a break from conscious thought about the problem
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incubation
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a term that applies to someone who has been knocked out by a blow or anesthetized or who has fallen into a deep, prolonged unconscious state
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unconscious
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a natural state of rest for the body and mind that involves the reversible loss of consciousness
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sleep
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when biological clocks are thrown off their regular schedules they are __
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desynchronized
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sleep is essential for __
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survival
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the evolutionary prespective theory states that sleep may have developed becuase animals needed to __
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protect themselves at night
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a second theory states that sleep may be __
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a way to conserve energy
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a third theory states that sleep may be __ to the brain and body
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restorative
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sleep may aid in the brains __
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plasticity
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high frequency brain waves that reflect concentration and alertness
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beta waves
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beta waves are more __ than other waves
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desynchronous
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lower-frequency brain wave patterns associated with being relaxed or drowsy
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alpha waves
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characterized by drowsy sleep. light sleep lasting up to 10 min; includes theta waves (low frequency, low amplitude)
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stage 1 sleep
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sudden muscle movements that a person may experience during stage 1 sleep
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myoclonic jerks
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EEGs of individuals in stage 1 are characterized by __ waves
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theta
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deeper sleep where muscle activity decreases, and the person is no longer aware of the enviornment characterized by occasional "sleep spindles" (brief high-frequency waves), lasting up to 20 minutes
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stage 2 sleep
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a sudden increase in wave frequency seen in stage 2 sleep
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sleep spindles
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progressively more muscle relaxation and emergence of delta waves (slower); lasts up to 40 minutes
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stage 3 sleep
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the slowest and highest amplitude brain waves during sleep
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delta waves
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stage 3 and 4 sleep are referred to as __ sleep
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delta
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deep sleep when sleeper is difficult to rouse; delta waves--large, slow brain waves--occur
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stage 4 sleep
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after going through stages 1-4, sleepers drift up through the sleep stages toward wakefullness but instead of reentering stage 1 they go to __
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REM sleep
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stages 1-4 of sleep are referred to as __
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non-REM sleep
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REM stand for __
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Rapid Eye Movment
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a normal sleep cycle is going through the 5 stages of sleep __
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once
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once sleep cycle lasts __ minutes
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90-100
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you go through __ sleep cycles a night
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several
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the amount of deep sleep (stages 3 and 4) is much greater in the __ of a nights sleep
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first half
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most REM sleep occurs toward the __ of a nights sleep when REM stage becomes progressively longer
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end
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the nights first REM stage might last for __ min, but the final REM stage might continue for as long as an __
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10, hour
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during a normal night of sleep, individuals will spend about __% of sleep in light sleep (stages 1 and 2), __% in delta or deep sleep, and __% in REM sleep
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60, 20, 20
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the average amount of sleep decreases with __
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age
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in all vertebrates, the __ plays a crucial role in sleep and arousal
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reticular formation
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the important neurotransmitters in sleep are __, __, and __
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serotonin, norepinepherine, and acetylcholine
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as sleep begins, the level of neurotransmitters __
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drop
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REM sleep is initiated by a rise in __
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acetylcholine
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REM sleep ends when there is a rise in __ and __ which will increase the level of forebrain activity nearly to the awakened state
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serotonin and norepinepherine
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the inability to sleep, can involve a problem in falling asleep, waking up during the night, or waking up too early
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insomnia
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the formal term for sleepwalking which occurs during the deepest stages of sleep
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somnambulism
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somnambulism takes place during stages __ sleep
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3 and 4
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sleep talking is called __
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somniloquy
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a frightening dream that awakens a dreamer from REM sleep
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nightmare
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fetures sudden arousal from sleep and intense fear
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night terrors
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sleep disorder involving the sudden, overpowering urge to sleep, they immediatly enter REM sleep rather than progressing through the first four sleep stages
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narcolepsy
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a sleep disorder in which individuals stop breathing because the windpipe fails to open or because brain processes involved in respiration fail to work properly
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sleep apnea
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a device used to treat sleep apnea
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continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP)
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the sudden sleep-related death of an infant less than one year old
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sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS)
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according to freud, the surface content of a dream, containing dream symbols tat disguise the dreams true meaning
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manifest content
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according the freud, a dream's hidden content; its unconscious and true meaning
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latent content
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when we are awake and alert, our conscious experience tends to be driven by __, which are all the things we see, hear, and respond to
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external stimulus
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during sleep, according to the activation-synthesis theory, conscious exerience is driven by __ that have no apparent behavioral consequence
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internally generated stimuli
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supporters of the activation-synthesis theory have suggested that neural networks in other areas of teh forebrain play a significant role in __
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dreaming
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the reward pathway that is associated with addiction is located in the __ and __
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ventral tegmental area and nucleus accumbens
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refers to an overindulgence in caffeine
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caffenism
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upper, stimulant drugs that people use to boost energy, stay awake, or lose weight.
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amphetamines
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an illegal drug that comes to the coca plant, native to bolivia and peru
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cocaine
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MDMA is the scentific name for __
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ecstasy
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the dried leaves and flowers of the hemp plant Cannabis sativa, which originated in cental asia but in now grown in most parts of the world
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marijuana
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a hallucinogen that even in low doses produces striking perceptual changes
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LSD
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4 steps to hypnosis
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1. minimize distractions
2. tell person to concentrate on something specific 3. informs person what to expect 4. suggests certain events or feelings |
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the extent to which a persons responses are changed by being hypnotized
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hypnotizability
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hilgard's view that hypnosis involves a splitting of consciousness into two seperate components, one of which follows the hypnotists;s commands and other of which acts as a "hidden observer"
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divided consciousnee view of hypnosis
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attaining a peaceful state of mind in which thoughts are not occupied by worry
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meditation
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a technique practiced by yoga enthusiasts and Buddhist monks
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mindfulness meditation
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an overwhelming feeling of wellness right before you fall asleep
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hypnagogic reverie
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The initial learning of the stimulus–response link, which involves a neutral stimulus being associated with an unconditioned stimulus and becoming the conditioned stimulus that elicits the conditioned response.
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acquisition (classical conditioning)
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The application of operant conditioning principles to change human behavior
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applied behavior analysis (behavior modification)
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Learning in which a connection, or an association, is made between two events.
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associative learning
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A theory of learning that focuses solely on observable behaviors, discounting the importance of such mental activity as thinking, wishing, and hoping.
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behaviorism
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Learning by which a neutral stimulus becomes associated with a meaningful stimulus and acquires the capacity to elicit a similar response.
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classical conditioning
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The learned response to the conditioned stimulus that occurs after the pairing of a conditioned stimulus and an unconditioned stimulus.
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conditioned response (CR)
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A previously neutral stimulus that eventually elicits the conditioned response after being associated with the unconditioned stimulus.
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conditioned stimulus (CS)
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A classical conditioning procedure for weakening a conditioned response by associating the fear-provoking stimulus with a new response that is incompatible with the fear.
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counterconditioning
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The process of learning to respond to certain stimuli and not to others.
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discrimination (classical conditioning)
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The tendency to respond to stimuli that signal that a behavior will or will not be reinforced.
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discrimination (operant conditioning)
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The weakening of the conditioned response in the absence of the unconditioned stimulus.
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extinction (classical conditioning)
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The situation where, because a previously reinforced behavior is no longer reinforced, there is a decreased tendency to perform the behavior.
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extinction (operant conditioning)
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The tendency of a new stimulus that is similar to the original conditioned stimulus to elicit a response that is similar to the conditioned response.
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generalization (classical conditioning)
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The tendency to give the same response to similar stimuli.
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generalization (operant conditioning)
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A form of problem solving in which the organism develops a sudden insight into or understanding of the problem's solution.
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insight learning
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The tendency of animals to revert to instinctive behavior that interferes with learning.
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instinctive drift
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Unreinforced learning that is not immediately reflected in behavior
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latent learning (implicit learning)
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Thorndike's principle that behaviors followed by positive outcomes are strengthened, whereas behaviors followed by negative outcomes are weakened.
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law of effect
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The phenomenon of learning through experience that outcomes are not controllable.
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learned helplessness
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A relatively permanent change in behavior that occurs through experience.
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learning
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A behavior decreases when a positive stimulus is removed from it.
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negative punishment
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Following a behavior with the removal of an aversive (unpleasant) stimulus to increase the frequency of the behavior.
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negative reinforcement
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Learning that occurs when a person observes and imitates another's behavior; also called imitation or modeling.
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observational learning
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Also called instrumental conditioning; a form of learning
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operant conditioning
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A behavior decreases when it is followed by an unpleasant stimulus.
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positive punishment
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Following a behavior with a rewarding stimulus to increase the frequency of the behavior.
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positive reinforcement
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The species-specific biological predisposition to learn in certain ways but not others.
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preparedness
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The use of reinforcers that are innately satisfying.
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primary reinforcement
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A consequence that decreases the likelihood a behavior will occur.
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punishment
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The process by which a stimulus or an event strengthens or increases the probability of a behavior or an event that it follows.
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reinforcement
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Timetables that determine when a behavior will be reinforced.
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schedules of reinforcement
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The use of reinforcers that are learned or conditioned.
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secondary reinforcement
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Rewarding approximations of a desired behavior.
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shaping
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The process in classical conditioning by which a conditioned response can recur after a time delay without further conditioning.
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spontaneous recovery
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An unlearned response that is automatically elicited by an unconditioned stimulus.
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unconditioned response (UCR)
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A stimulus that produces a response without prior learning.
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unconditioned stimulus (UCS)
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the process of learning these associations
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conditioning
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automatic stimulus-response connections
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reflexes
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the recovery of the conditions response when the organism is placed in a novel context
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renewal
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a form of treatment that consists of repeated pairings of a stimulus with a very unpleasant stimulus
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aversive conditionsing
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a special kind of classical conditioning involving the learned association between a particular tste and nausea
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taste aversion
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decreased responsiveness to a stimulus after repeated presentations
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habituation
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behavior that occurs in automatic response to a stimulus such as a nausea producing drug
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resondent behavior
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the behavior of the organism
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operant
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an important aspect of classical conditioning in which the occurence of one stimulus can be predicted from the presence of one another
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contingency
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an organisms learning that it can altogether avoid a negative stimulus by making a particular reponse
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avoidance learning
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reinforces a behavior after a set number of behaviors
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fixed-ratio schedule
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a timetable in which behaviors are rewarded an average number of times but on an unpredicatble basis
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variable-ratio schedule
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reinforces the first behavior after a fixed amount of time has passed
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fixed-interval schedule
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a timetable in which a behavior is reinforced after a variable amount of time has elapsed
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variable-interval schedule
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learning that occurs when a person observes and imitates behvior
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obervational learning
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4 main processes involved in observational learning according to Bandura
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1. attention
2. retention 3. motor reproduction 4. reinforcement |
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E C Tolman's idea that much of behabior is goal directed
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purposivness of behavior
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culture can inluence the __ of learning and the __ to which learning processes are used
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content, degree
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the way our beliefs about ability dicate what goals we set for ourselves, what we think we can learn, and ultimately what we do learn
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midset
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a mindset in which peopel believe that their qualities are carved in stone and cannort change
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fixed mindset
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a mindset in which people believe their qualities can change and improve through their effort
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growth mindset
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effective stategies for developing a growth mindset
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-understand that your intelligence and thinking skills are not fixed but can change
-become passionate about learning and stretch your mind in challenging situations -think about the growth mindsets of people you admire |
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what can a rat tell us about stress?
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-predictablility
-control -improvement -outlets for frustration |
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a phrase that refers to individual's understanding that they and others think, feel, perceive, and have private experiences
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theory of mind
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what is used to see if a child has developed the "theory of mind"?
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false belief test
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cocaine affects __ uptake pumps
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dopamine
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__ was a famous psychologist who championed LSD as a miracle treatment.
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timothy leary
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__ showed classical conditioning in dogs.
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pavlov
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__ conducted the "little albert" study on fear and generalization
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B. Watson
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__ worked with cats in a puzzle box to prove the law of effect
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Thorndike
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__ is an important neurotransmitter in reward
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dopmaine
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__ studied observational learning, ie imitation/modeling
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Bandura
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__ emphasized the purposiveness of behavior
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E. C. Tolman
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__ studied insight learning in chimps
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kohler
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What is the minimum number of hours of sleep that is usually needed for healthy functioning?
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8 hours
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Which neurotransmitter is most associated with REM sleep?
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acetylcholine
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Night terrors occur during __, while nightmares occur during __
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non-REM sleep, REM sleep
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Which neurotransmitter is most affected by alcohol?
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GABA
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__ has health benefits.
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Meditation
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thinking about thinking
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metacognition
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Many individuals who are blind have problems with their __.
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circadian rhythms
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the two parts of cognition are __ and __
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awareness and arousal
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__ used the "bobo" doll in the experiment
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bandura
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Classical conditioning focuses on __, while operant conditioning focuses on __
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involuntary responses, voluntary behaviors
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states that more probable behaviors will reinforce less probable behavior
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premacks principle
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The time interval between an unconditioned stimulus and a conditioned stimulus is referred to as the __
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contiguity
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A child is given a gold star when she does well in class. At the end of the week, she can exchange the stars she has earned for treats. The gold star is a(n) __
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token reinforcer
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You are able to give a friend directions to your house because you have developed a(n) __
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cognitive map
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who discovered the principle of learned helplessness with dogs?
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sieglman
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