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107 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
According to WHO, what is health? |
Physical, mental, social well-being |
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What is the biopsychosocial model? |
A model attributing disease to the interactions of biological factors, psychological factors, and social factors |
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What model did the biopsychosocial model replace and why? |
Biomedical model Causes of death are now chronic conditions which don't have cures/quick fixes, quality of life is affected, and require expensive health care People used to die from dietary and infectious ilnesses |
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Who created psychosomatic medicine? What was it based on? Divided world of illness into _____ and _____ What does it focus on today? |
Sigmund Freud Unconscious conflicts leading to physical disturbances Medical (ex. cancer); psychosomatic (ex. asthma) Diagnosis and treatment of psychiatric disorders and symptoms in complex medically ill patients |
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What are the two defining characteristics of behavioural medicine? |
Its membership is interdisciplinary Came from behaviourism (operant/classical) |
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What is behavioural medicine? What kind of therapies does it include? |
Field of medicine integrating behavioural, psychological, and social sciences relevant to health and illness Psychophysiological (biofeedback, hypnosis, occupational therapy, preventative medicine) |
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What does psychoneuroimmunology (PNI) look at? Ex? |
The interaction between psychology/behaviour, nervous system, and immune system Immune dysregulation in people experiencing stress |
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What does sport psychology look at? Ex? |
Psychological factors that affect performance; psychological and physical outcomes of participation in sport Arousal regulation/visualization/goal-setting/self-talk |
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What two things does integrative medicine integrate? What are its five defining elements? |
Conventional and complementary medicine Holistic/collaborative/relationship-based/evidence-based/preventative |
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What are the four goals of health psychology? |
To promote and maintain health To prevent and treat illness To identify the causes and diagnostic correlates of health, illness, and dysfunction To analyze and improve health care systems and health policy |
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What's the lifespan perspective? |
Characteristics of a person are accounted for in respect to their past development, current level, and likely development in the future |
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Why is the field of epidemiology important to health psychology? What six things to epidemiologists look at? |
Tells health psychologists the context that health and illness exist in Mortality - death Morbidity - illness/injury/disability Prevalence - Number of cases Incidence - Number of new cases Epidemic - rapid increase of incidence Pandemic - national/worldwide epidemic |
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What is a disease? Ex? |
Abnormalcondition affecting an organism due to infection, injury/trauma, behaviour, etc Ex - heart disease/influenza |
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What is an illness? |
Feelings associated with having a disease (pain, fatigue, weakness, etc – the reasons people seek care) |
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What is a disorder? Ex? |
Abnormality of function; due to genetic abnormalities, behaviours, stressors, etc. Similar to disease. Cystic fibrosis/deafness |
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What is a syndrome? Ex? |
Set ofsymptoms/conditions that happen together and suggest the presence of acertain disease or increased risk Ex - metabolic syndrome/AIDS |
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What five fields are important to health psychology? |
Public policy Sociology - human social life Anthropology - human cultures Health economics - Health resource supply/demand Health policy - decisions/plans/actions by gov.t |
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What is a health behaviour? |
Anything people do to maintain/improve health, regardless of their perceived health status or whether the behaviour actually achieves that goal |
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What is well behaviour? What is symptom-based behaviour? What is sick-role behaviour? |
Anything people do to maintain/improve good health and avoid illness Anything ill people do to find the problem and solution Anything people do to treat/adjust to a health problem after deciding they're ill and what the illness is |
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What are the three ways health behaviours are/aren't linked together? |
People's health habits are stable, but do change over time Particular health behaviours aren't strongly tied to each other Each person subscribes to their health behaviours for different reasons |
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Give three reasons why health behaviours are not more stable and strongly linked to each other? |
Life factors may differentially affect different behaviours People change from experiences Life circumstances change |
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What are the three types of efforts to prevent illness? |
Behavioural influence (promote tooth brushing by providing information and demonstrations) Environmental measures (add flouride to water) Preventative efforts (dental professionals removing calculus from teeth and repairing caviites) |
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What are the three levels of illness prevention? |
Primary prevention - actions to avoid disease/injury Secondary prevention - actions to identify/treat illness or injury early with the aim of stopping/reversing the problem Tertiary prevention - actions to contain/retard damage, prevent disability/recurrence, rehabilitate the patient |
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What five factors within the individual cause problems in promoting wellness? |
Perceiving healthy behaviours as less appealing/convenient
Changing old habits/addictions Need cognitive resources to know what to do Need self-efficacy Being sick/taking drugs affect people's moods/energy which affect cognitive resources and motivation |
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What are interpersonal factors that cause problems in promoting wellness? |
Social influence involving people giving social support/encouragement for the other person to change their lifestyle Interpersonal conflicts (ex. exercising routine disrupts someone else's routine) |
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What seven problems are there in the community in promoting wellness? |
Insufficient funds for public health projects Adjusting/communicating with different ages and socio-cultural backgrounds Providing health care for needy Lack of safe/convenient places to exercise High numbers of fast food restaurants Lack of health insurance Balancing public health and economic priorities |
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What are the two main ways people learn? |
Operant conditioning Modelling |
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What are antecedents? |
Internal/external stimuli that precede and set the occasion for a behaviour Ex - need a cigarette with coffee after breakfast |
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What two other things affect health related beahviour? |
Personality Emotional state |
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How does perception and cognition affect health behaviour? |
People react to their symptoms differently Cognitive factors affect their understanding and implementation Unrealistic optimization |
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List three reasons why studies of optimistic and pessimistic beliefs are important |
Feelings of invulnerability have been shown occur at all ages, not just adolescence People with unrealistically optimistic beliefs about their health are unlikely to take preventative action Health professionals can implement programs to address these beliefs |
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What's the health belief model? |
The likelihood a person will take preventive actions depends on the outcome of two assessments he/she makes of the perceived threat of the health problem, and weighing the pros/cons of taking action |
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What three factors influence people's perceived threat? |
Perceived seriousness of the health problem Perceived susceptibility to the health problem Cues to action |
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List two reasons why the health belief model is incomplete? |
Doesn't account for health-related behaviours people do habitually like tooth brushing, where a habit formed without weighing health threats/benefits/costs There's no standard way to measure its components |
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What's the theory of planned behaviour |
People decide their intention in advance of most voluntary behaviours, and intentions are the best predictors of what people will do |
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What three judgements determine a person's intentions to perform a behaviour? |
Attitude about the behaviour Subjective norm Perceived behavioural control |
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What are two problems with the theory of planned behaviour? |
Intentions and behaviour are not strongly correlated Doesn't include the importance of people's prior experience with the behaviour |
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What is a weakness in both the theory of planned behaviour and health belief model? |
Assuming people think about risks in a detailed fashion where they know what diseases associate with what behaviours and assess likelihood of becoming seriously ill. In reality, people choose their behaviours for random and obscure reasons |
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What is the stages of change model/transtheoretical model? |
Five stage model of intentional behaviour change Precontemplation Contemplation Preparation Action Maintenance |
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What is the difference in people in different stages? What are the two ways that help people advance through stages? |
Show different psychosocial characteristics Describe in detail how to do the behaviour change Plan for problems that arise when implementing the behaviour change |
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What four factors take part in high willingness to engage in risky behaviour? |
Two are positive subjective norms and attitudes Two are factors that heighten willingness are having engaged in the behaviour previously and having a favourable social image of the type of person who would perform the behaviour |
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What is conflict theory? |
A model to account for both rational and irrational decision making, stress is important in this model |
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According to conflict theory, when does the cognitive sequence people use in making important decisions start? |
When an event challenges their current lifestyle
Event can be a threat (symptom of illness) or an opportunity (chance to join free program to quit smoking) |
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According to conflict theory, people coping with decisional conflict depends on their perceptions of the presence/absence of what three factors? These three factors produce what two coping patterns? |
Risk, hope, adequate time Hypervigilance - high risk, low time Vigilance - high risk, high time |
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Give six reasons why women live longer than men? |
Physiological reactivity (blood pressure/stress) Estrogen delays heart disease/reduces blood cholesterol/reduces platelet clotting Smoke & drink more (CVD/cancer/cirrhosis) Drugs/diet/overweight/driving/sexual activity Females consult a physician when ill Work environments of males are more hazardous |
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What two things do women tend to be worse off in? |
Higher acute illnesses and chronic diseases More medical drugs and services |
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What three things is SES based on? |
Income Occupational prestige Education |
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What is acculturation? |
Immigrants adopting the health behaviours of their new culture |
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What are three main issues for professionals in promoting health in culturally diverse areas? |
Biological factors - ex risk of developing blood disease Cognitive and linguistic factors - Western/Eastern medicine, language Social & emotional factors - socio-cultural groups differ in stress experienced/reaction/coping to it & their use of social support |
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What else could help promote good health behaviours in diverse populations? |
Fostering a sense of community-belonging |
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What five methods do programs use to encourage health behaviour? |
Providing information Features of information to enhance motivation (BENEFITS SELL) Motivational interviewing Behavioural and cognitive methods Maintaining healthy behaviours |
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What are four ways to feature information to enhance motivation? |
Tailored content Educational appeals Message framing Fear appeal |
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What four things help fear appeals more effective? |
Emphasizing organic and social consequences of developing the health problem Present it as a personal testimonial Provide specific training for doing the behaviour Help bolster self-confidence/self-efficacy for performing the behaviour before urging them to begin the plan |
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What is the goal in motivational learning? What are two important features of the process? |
For the counselor leads the client to voice arguments for behaviour change Decisional balance - pros/cons of changing behaviour Feedback - Receiving information on their pattern of the problem behaviour, comparisons with national norms, and risk factors/consequences |
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What are the two main approaches for behavioural and cognitive methods? |
Giving reinforcers Self-management |
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What is a lapse? What is a relapse? What is the abstinence-violation effect? |
Instance of backsliding, not indicative of failure Backsliding to original pattern of undesirable behaviour A lapse destroying confidence which leads to full relapse |
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What is addiction? |
Condition from repeated consumption of natural/synthetic psychoactive substance where one becomes dependent on it |
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When does physical dependence exist? Dependence has what two characteristics? |
When the body adjusts to the substance & incorporated it into the normal functioning of the body's tissues Tolerance - increases until plateau Withdrawal |
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What is psychological dependence? How are tolerance and withdrawal different form physical dependence in this case? |
Person feels compelled to use a substance for the effect, but not being physically dependent Less tolerance and withdrawal |
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When is substance use disorder diagnosed? |
When accompanied within 1-2 years(+) of characteristics like: Tolerance/cravings/failing to meet obligations/putting others or self at risk/having substance-related legal difficulties |
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Substance dependence is affected by what six things? |
Reinforcement - pos/neg reinforcement Avoiding withdrawal Substance-related cues - classical conditoining/initial drink prepping body for more/incentive-sensitizationt heory of dopamine enhancing salience of stimuli associated with substance Expectancies - drinking = fun/hangover Personality = Impusliveness/self-regulation Genetics |
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Why do teens smoke? Exs? |
Psychosocial factors Personal characteristics (self esteem/rebellious), image |
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What nine things tend to cause teenagers to continue/increase smoking? |
1(+) parent smokes Parents perceived as unconcerned/encouraging Siblings/friends smoked Rebellious/low school motivation Receptive to tobacco ads Peer pressure Positive attitudes about the effects of smoking Didn't see smoking as harmful to their health Believed they could quit whenever |
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What five other findings are important? |
Smoking by fam/friends reduces belief of harm Teenagers smoke more around smokers who smoke a lot Teens select smokers as friends Negative emotions increase smoking LGBT more likely to smoke |
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What three chemicals in cigarettes affect dependence? |
Tars, carbon monoxide, nicotine |
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What's the nicotine regulation model? What are two reasons why the nicotine regulation model may only provide part of the explanation for people's smoking behaviour? |
Smokers smoke to maintain certain level of nicotine in their bodies to avoid withdrawal symptoms People crave smoking even after all the nicotine leaves the body Many people smoke same amount a day for years and don't increase their use (dont show tolerance) |
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What two main issues does smoking cause? What two other things? |
Cancer, CVD Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease Acute respiratory infections |
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What three types of drugs usually don't start until adulthood? |
Tranquilizers, barbiturates, and painkillers |
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What is polysubstance abuse? Why do non-mainstream youth/marginalized abuse substances and engage in polysubstance more than their peers? |
Using more than one substance Have more stressors |
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Why do some people progress from drug use to drug abuse? |
Personality (rebellious/thrill-seeking) Less socially conforming/less religious Friends/family use it |
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What three things do the most common and effective prevention approaches focus on? |
Public policy and legal issues Health promotion and education Family involvement |
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What public policy approach has decreased tobacco consumption? Two approaches for alcohol? What approach for university/college campuses? What approach hasn't been effective for alcohol? |
Increasing price via taxation & restricting advertisements Increasing price via taxation Underage laws Monitor use via drunk driving stops/parties Limiting number of outlets that sell alcohol |
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What approach does Insite use? List two major benefits of Insite? |
Harm-reduction model Less spread of HIV/AIDS Less overdoses |
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What two kinds of education/health promotion have been shown to be effective? |
Social influence approaches - Discussions/films about how peers/family/media influence smoking Modelling/role-playing specific refusal skills Students publicly announcing decision to not smoke Life skills training approaches - Critical thinking/anxiety coping Social skills/making conversation/assertiveness |
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What three findings from research prove family involvement is important in prevention? |
Parents providing little monitoring/rules/supervision are 4x more likely to try drugs Children far less likely to use if parents would disapprove/punish Parents of teens who use a substance aren't aware of it (39% tobacco/34% alcohol/11% drugs for awareness) |
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What two things lead to reduced use over the years? |
Developing a romantic relationship with a non user Increased conscientiousness |
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What's the success % of regular smokers stopping? What seven reasons do those who succeed, succeed? |
60% Want to and are ready to quit Confident they can succeed Smoke < pack a day Experience less stress Less nicotine dependence, less tobacco craving, less withdrawal symptoms Highly motivated (intrinsically) Try again if they don't first succeed |
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What five methods do people use to try and quit? |
Quitting cold turkey instead of reducing Using oral substitutes Doing it alone, sometimes betting/buddy system Cognitive strategies (rewards/health risks/etc) Material rewards/punishment |
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What five factors help in stopping alcohol and drugs use on one's own? |
High self esteem Few past experiences of intoxication Social networks of people who drink less Social support from spouse Changing how to weigh the pros/cons |
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What three things help in early intervention? |
Providing information Quitlines EAPs (employee assistance programs) |
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What method is used by health psychologists to stop/reduce usage? What five ways can people help change a person from contemplation to preparation/action? |
Cognitive-behavioural methods Motivational interviewing Giving clear advice about why/how to change Removing barriers for change Rewards/threats (can be real [getting fired]) Offering help/showing a helping attitude |
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What four psychosocial methods have been helpful in reducing substance use? |
Therapy altering personality and cognitive factors (sensation seeking/impulsivity/consc.) Reducing negative reinforcement like coping (progressive muscle relaxation, meditation, replacing stress-thoughts with good thoughts) Positive reinforcement ($$$) Cue exposure (classical conditioning) |
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What are the two main views of AA? What are two lines of evidence for AA's success? |
People who abuse alcohol are alcoholics forever, even if they remain abstinent Alcoholics must commit to being 100% abstinent AA just as effective as other treatments Greater the duration/frequency of involvement in AA = less drinking & more social success |
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What three chemicals help reduce smoking? What three chemicals help reduce alcohol abuse? What three chemicals help reduce narcotic use? |
Nicotine/Buproprin hydrochloride (antidepressant)/Varenicline Disulfiram (nausea when combined with booze) Naltrexone (reduces the high) Acamprosate Methadone; buprenorphine (prevents euphoria); Naltrexone |
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What five features should be considered in designing multidimensional programs? |
Biochemical analyses at beginning of treatment Brief daily phone call Involving family Physician involvement Supplementing standard treatment with computer-based intervention |
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What six things lead to relapse? |
Low self-efficacy Negative emotions/poor coping High craving Expectations of reinforcement Low motivation Interpersonal issues |
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What are the three steps to the relapse prevention method? |
Learn to identify high-risk situations via generating a list w/antecedent conditions Acquire competent and specific coping skills via training in specific behaviours and thought patterns Practice effective coping skills in high-risk situations under a therapist's supervision |
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What two features of ads are most effective in reducing smoking? |
Emotionally evocative Personalized stories |
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What's the cognitive adaptation theory believe? Why? |
Perceiving physiological risk may be harmful psychologically People who don't fully accept the physiological risks may have better mental health Meaning they're better able to cope with risks |
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What are the three steps in CBT? |
Self observation/monitoring Focusing on target health behaviour and underlying cognitions Recognizing importance of beliefs/cognitions in determining health behaviours |
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What does BASICS stand for? What is it and what does it aim at? What are some strategies does it employ? |
Brief Alcohol Screening and Intervention for College Students Self-assessment and skills training for improving self-efficacy, increasing awareness, and offering strategies related to alcohol Slowing down/spacing drinks/quality>quantity/enjoying mild affects of alcohol |
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What five emotional drivers did the SuperMum Handwashing Campaign find to be the most effective levers for behaviour change? |
Disgust (the desire toavoid and remove contamination) Nurture (the desirefor a happy, thriving child) Status (the desire tohave greater access to resources than others) Affiliation (the desire tofit in) |
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What three reasons did physicians give for not washing hands? What was a solution? |
Soaps = irritating Repeated need = tedious Centres for Disease Control don't track these deaths Increasing empathic responding over threat perception |
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What is herd immunity? |
More people immunized/vaccinated = more chains of infection are disrupted *for people allergic to ingredients in vaccines |
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BMI of 25(+) = ? What is the prevalence of obese and overweight individuals in Canada? What age range are obesity rates the highest? |
Overweight Obese >50% 55-64 years old |
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What are the two factors to weight control? |
Biological; psychosocial |
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What are the two main parts to biological? |
Metabolic rate Genetics (twin studies; epigenetics; satiation) |
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What three hormones related to the hypothalamus help in weight regulation? |
Ghrelin - sent to hypothalamus when stomach's empty/low intakeLeptin - stimulates/regulates eating and metabolismInsulin - regulates sugar in the blood, conversion of glucose to fat, storage of fat |
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What is fat-cell hyperplasia |
Too many fat cells developed as a child which possibly leads to a high set-point for their entire life |
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Have school programs been successful in preventing excess weight gain? |
Nope |
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What are nine parts to lifestyle interventions? |
Nutrition and exercise counselling Self monitoring bodyweight/food intake Stimulus control techniques Changing how one eats (pacing/chewing) Behavioral contracting (rewards) Family/friends as support Rewarding not engaging in sedentary activities Motivational interviewing Problem-solving training |
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How many people stop following self-help weight-loss programs int he first 12 weeks? |
>70% of people |
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What medication is used by physicians for weight loss? What are the two types of bariatric surgery? What are the requirements for bariatric surgery? |
Orlistat - decreases intestinal absorption of ingested fat Restricting holding capacity of stomach by installing a band Reducing absorption of nutrients BMI 40(+)/psychological screening/tried to diet |
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What are five reasons why people who lose weight, don't keep it off? |
Hormones signal need for food for a year Lack of reinforcement Food cues Negative emotions Boredom |
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What are the three main types of eating disorders? BMI to anorexic people have? |
Anorexia Bulimia nervosa Binge-eating disorder 18(-) |
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What are three factors to developing eating disorders? |
Biological - neuroendocrine/neurotransmitters malfunctioning in eating-disorder individuals Psychological - body image Cultural - 13% of 15 year olds purge monthly |
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What three things are done to treat anorexia? What is useful for bulimia? |
Weight gain in hospital settings, mealtime interactions, drugs Psychotherapy |