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50 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
- 3rd side (hint)
philosophy
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-content of study (mind)
-Descartes |
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physiology
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-methods to study mind
-Helmholtz |
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Wilhelm Wundt
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-father of psychology
-founded first psych lab in Europe -reaction-time studies -psych is study of "consciousness" --> awareness of immediate experience |
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Edward Titchener
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-structuralist
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William James
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-functionalist
-wrote Principles of Psychology -flow of consciousness |
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Stanley Hall
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-1st lab in US
-American Journal of Psychology |
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Sigmund Freud
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-psychoanalyst
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John B. Watson
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-behaviorist
-"give me a dozen healthy infants..." |
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B.F. Skinner
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-behaviorist
-free will is an illusion |
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research specialties in psychology
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wants to add to what we know about people IN GENERAL
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applied specialties in psychology
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wants to discover more/add to what we know about people, usually for a SPECIFIC PURPOSE
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abnormal/clinical psyc
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-research and applied
-understanding factors involved with development, maintenance, and treatment of psychological disorders -ex: how does depression develop? |
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cognitive psyc
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-research
-looks at any thoughts/mental process -- memory, reasoning, intellect, language, problem-solving |
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developmental psyc
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-research
-how humans develop over entire lifespan |
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-personality psyc
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-research
-how we are different from others and how we behave in consistent ways -ex: what factors are involved with an aggressive personality? |
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physiological psyc (biological or experimental)
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-research
-looks at the hardware -- body, nervous system, etc. |
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social psyc
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-research
-how social forces affect people -ex: what is involved with falling in love? |
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quantitative psyc
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-research
-best mathematical ways to analyze data (statistics) |
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education and school psyc
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-applied
-discovering best ways to teach and learn |
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industrial/organizational psyc
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-applied
-factors which influence the workforce |
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health psyc/behavioral medicine
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-applied
-how psychological factors relate to promotion and maintenance of physical health and causation, prevention, and treatment of illness |
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theory
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possible explanation for a string of related observations
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psychologists' three sets of goals
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1. measurement and description
2. understanding and prediction 3. application and control |
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operational definition
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definition in terms of operations used to measure something (measurable terms)=
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direct observation
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observers are trained to watch and record behavior as objectively and precisely as possible; may use instrumentation (stopwatch or video recorder)
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questionnaire
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subjects administered a series of written questions to obtain info about attitudes, opinions, specific aspects of behavior
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interview
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face-to-face dialogue to obtain info about specific aspects of subject's behavior
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psychological test
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subjects are administered a standardized measure to obtain a sample of their behavior; usually assess mental abilities or personality traits
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physiological recording
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instrument monitors and records a specific physiological process in a subject (ex: blood pressure, heart rate, brain activity, muscle tension)
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archival records
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researcher analyzes existing institutional records like census, economic, medical, legal, educational and business records
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scientific method
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1a. Get to know topic (empiricism)
1b. Formulate hypothesis (rationalism) 2. Design the study (rationalism) 3. Collect the data (empiricism) 4. Analyze data; draw conclusions (empiricism and rationalism) 5. Report the findings |
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research methods
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general strategies for conducting studies
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experiment
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research method where investigator manipulates a variable under carefully controlled conditions and observes whether any changes occur in a second variable as a result
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Advantages
-precise control over variables eliminates alternative explanations -researches can draw conclusions about cause-and-effect relationships Disadvantages -confounding of variables must be avoided -contrived laboratory situations are artificial; don't apply to real world -ethical concerns and practical realities prevent experiments on many important questions |
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confounding variables
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occurs when two variables are linked in a way that makes it difficult to sort out their special effects
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extraneous variables
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any variables other than the independent v. that may influence results, but has been "controlled for" so they do not make results unclear
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naturalistic observation
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-non-experiment
-careful observation of behavior in a natural setting, without direct intervention |
Advantages
-minimizes artificiality -good to use if little is known about the phenomena -can study animal AND human behavior Disadvantages -it is difficult to remain unobtrusive; when observed, people/animals act differently -researches cannot draw causal conclusions -observational data are often difficult to quantify for statistical analyses |
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case studies
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-non-experiment
-in-depth investigation of a single individual using direct interview, direct observation, review of records, interviews of close friends/family |
Advantages
-can give more in-depth view of phenomenon -compelling evidence to support a theory Disadvantages -subjectivity makes it easier to see what you want to see -cannot draw causal conclusions -small sample size, so the case may be unusual and can't be generalized |
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surveys
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-non-experiment
-use of questionnaires or interviews to gather info about specific aspects of behavior, attitudes, or beliefs |
Advantages
-saves time and money when collecting data -can gather data on difficult-to-observe behavior -can gather data from large samples Disadvantages -cannot draw causal conclusions -participants cannot be illiterate, must follow instruction well -self-reported data is unreliable b/c of social desirability, response sets, poor wording of questions, unrealistic assessment, etc. |
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neurons
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individual cells in the nervous system that receive, integrate, and transmit information
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oligodendrocytes
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-CNS
-glia cell -one cell creates several segments of myelin sheath & cover more than one axon |
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Schwann cells
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-PNS
-glia cell -one cell can only create one segment of myelin sheath and only cover one axon |
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astrocytes
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-glia cell
-synchronizes communication between neurons -nurtures cells -removes waste products |
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microglia
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-part of the immune system
-removes waste products and invaders (aka bacteria or viruses) |
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radial glia
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-spans from inner neural tubule to outside
-guides migration and growth of immature neurons |
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excitatory postsynaptic potential (EPSP)
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positive voltage shift that increases likelihood a postsynaptic neuron will fire action potential
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inhibitory postsynaptic potential (IPSP)
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negative voltage shift that decreases likelihood a postsynaptic neuron will fire action potential
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prefrontal cortex
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involved in working memory, thinking, and planning
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sulcus (plural: sulci)
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a groove in the brain
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gyri
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bump/ridge of the brain
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fissure
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very deep groove in brain
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