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86 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
james-lange theory |
stimulus - autonomic arousal, muscle tension - emotion; perception of arousal labels emotion |
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cannon-bard theory |
stimulus - autonomic arousal, muscle tension AND emotion separately at same time |
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why does evidence favor james-lange theory |
less emotional muscle feedback leads to emotion; spinal cord injuries show this |
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locked-in syndrome |
damage to brainstem - paralyzed/absence of body movement leads to absence of emotionality (absence of sensation) |
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central nucleus of amygdala |
displays of emotion when activated, neurons activated by threatening stimuli |
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where does the central nucleus of amygdala receive sensory info |
thalamus and cortex |
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if central nucleus of amygdala is damagaed... |
reduced emotionality, lower levels of stress hormones, decrease in conditioned emotional response, decrease in emotion-enhanced memory formation |
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important site of action for benzodiazepine/anxiolytic drugs (valium) |
central nucleus of amygdala |
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innate emotional expressions |
sadness, happiness, disgust, anger |
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area of brain important in facial emotional recognition |
right frontal cortex and amygdala |
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what happens with damage to orbitafrontal cortex |
indifference, inappropriate social behavior, lack of restraint/inhibitions, decreased emotionality, decreased planning and forethought |
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prefrontal lobotomy |
by Moniz, Freeman and Watts; damages white matter in orbitafrontal cortex; used to treat schizophrenic/bipolar patients; also called leucotomy |
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two factors that can affect aggression |
low levels or decreased turnover of serotonin; high levels of testosterone |
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stimulus |
form of energy in environment |
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sensation |
transformation of energy from a stimulus into neuronal energy; used to understand light/sound waves |
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transduction |
process of sensation in sensory neurons |
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perception |
interpretation/organization of sensation of the mind (bran) |
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amplitude |
loudness; height of waves; bass |
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frequency |
pitch; treble; how many waves there are |
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complexity |
timbre; tone; trumpet vs trombone |
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outer ear |
pinna; acts as funnel |
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middle ear |
eardrum and bones that transmits vibration off drum. |
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hammer, anvil, and stirrup |
incus, malleus, and stapes; chain of vibrations starting with hammer - anvil - stirrup in MIDDLE ear |
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inner ear |
cochlea, snail shaped, filled with fluid pushed against by stirrup and then vibrates against oval window of cochlea |
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basilar membrane hair cells |
sensory nerve cells; move in fluid with vibrations, depolarize, secrete neurotransmitters; action potentials in auditory nerve to brain. In INNER ear |
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place theory |
place in cochlea where different frequency sound waves/different pitched sounds maximally excites sensory neurons |
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sound pitches with place theory |
high pitched sounds travel shorter distances on basilar membrane; low picthed sounds travel longer, can cause more hearing loss |
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frequency theory |
number of action potentials proportional to frequency/pitch |
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main pathway for auditory system |
auditory nerve - dorsal cochlear nucleus - inferior colliculus - medial geniculate nucelus of thalamus - primary auditory cortex in temporal lobe |
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which hemisphere has the most functions of speech |
left - 95% of righties, 70% of lefties |
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right hemisphere with speech |
expression and recognition of emotional content of speech, ability to speak about visual-spatial relations |
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aphasia |
deficit in production and/or comprehension of speech from brain damage |
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broca's aphasia |
damage to broca's area (frontal cortex) - poor speech quality though good comprehension |
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symptoms of broca's aphasia |
difficulty with articulation, slow speech, effortful, non-fluent; lack of function words (articles/prepositions); nearly all content words (nouns/verbs) - telegraphic speech; difficulty finding words (anomia) |
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Wernicke's aphasia |
damage to wernicke's area AND surrounding posterior language area (angular gyrus); poor recognition of words (word deafness); fluent meaningless speech; anomia; can't verbalize what they're thinking |
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functions of pathways between broca's/wernicke's areas |
allows for oral repetition; allows to express content in a meaningful way |
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agraphia |
no writing ability |
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dysgraphia |
some writing ability with problems |
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pure alexia |
complete word blindness; cannot read but can still write/talk; damage to visual cortex and/or no input from visual cortex to left hemisphere language areas |
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developmental dyslexia |
impairment in reading; poor handwriting; difficulty tracking objects; delays in motor abilities/coordination, spatial relations and attention; affects perception of visual info, including words |
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physical properties of a light wave |
wavelength - hue (color) amplitude - brightness (like loudness) purity - saturation (t hawks character) |
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cornea |
clear, outside covering of eye |
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iris |
colored part of eye; circular muscle that opens/closes |
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pupil |
hole allowing light to enter eye |
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lens |
focuses light, image is inverted and reversed in eye |
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retina |
sensory neurons that transduce light into nervous system activity and other nerve cells |
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photoreceptors |
perform transduction, change energy to nervous system stuff |
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rods |
handle light/dark vision |
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cones |
handle color and sharpness |
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fovea |
highest acuity vision, directly behind pupil (all cones) |
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optic disk |
blind spot; few rods/cones because optic nerve (axons of retinal ganglion cells) exits eye |
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what holds the visual pigment rhodopsin |
rods and cones |
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rhodopsin |
chemical that breaks apart in light into retinal and opsin, can be resynthesized but takes time |
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adaption of rhodopsin breakdown |
fast adjustment from dark to light, slow going from light to dark |
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3 colors of cones |
red, green and blue |
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ganglion cells |
output cells; axons form optic nerve |
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amacrine cells |
side to side connections between rods and cones, bipolar cells, and ganglion cells |
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path of visual info |
left visual field - right side of retinas in both eyes - travels via optic nerves through optic chiasm to right thalamus - right visual cortex (occipital lobe) |
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trichomatic theory |
all colors made from red, green and blue colors |
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color blindness |
only 2 functioning cones |
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opponent process theory |
three spectrums: red - green blue - yellow light - dark some level on each spectrum negative after image |
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what does trichomatic partially explain about vision |
how rods/cones function |
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what does opponent process partially explain |
how retinal ganglion cells and brain function |
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primary visual cortex |
striate cortex of occipital lobe; visual processing in cortex |
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dorsal stream of visual info |
striate cortex to posterior parietal lobe; perception of location and movement |
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ventral stream |
striate cortex to inferior temporal lobe; perception of objects |
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vestibular senses |
sense of balance, position in space; sensory mechanism in inner ear, same nerve as hearing (CN 8) |
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otilith organs |
utricle and saccule; otoconia (calcium carbonate crystals) in fluid bend cilia of hair cells; action potentials in vestibular part of auditory nerve (CN 8) go to areas of brainstem/cerebellum |
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cutaneous senses |
touch and pressure, from sensory receptors in skin/muscle; dorsal column pathway: dorsal horn - ventral posterior thalamus - somatosensory cortex (parietal lobe) |
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pain |
free nerve endings (from neruons) - sensory info; |
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spinothalamic tract for pain |
dorsal horn - ventral posterior thalamus - somatosensory cortex (parietal lobe) |
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gate-control theory |
ability of brain to inhibit pain info from reaching it (descending pathway); volume knob |
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primary motor cortex neurons |
axons descend through hemispheres, through brainstem to synapse on spinal cord ventral horn motor neurons |
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ventral horn motor systems |
axons leave spinal cord, synapse onto muscle fibers through acetylcholine |
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cerebellum |
input to brainstem, spinal cord - balance, posture, coordination, timing |
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basal ganglia |
receives somatosensory input - input to primary motor cortex - smooths and coordinates sequential movements; like walking up stairs |
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myasthenia gavis symptoms |
immune system attacks and destroys Ach receptors on muscle fibers - muscles weakness and loss of movement |
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myasthenia gavis treatment |
acetylcholiesterase inhibitors (blocks enzyme that breaks down Ach); remove thymus gland (part of immune system) |
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multiple sclerosis symptoms |
autoimmune disorder; immune system attacks myelin of axons in the CNS; areas affected vary but motor weakness, sensory disturbances like numbness or tingling |
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MS treatment |
beta-interferon (alters immune activity) |
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parkinson's disease symptoms |
tremor, rigidity, bradykinesia, postural and gait disturbances; eventually progresses to dementia |
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parkinson's disease cause |
dopamine neurons of the substantia nigra progressively die; lack of dopamine disrupts activity in the basal ganglia, causing motor dysfunction |
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parkinson's treatment |
dopamine precursor therapy: l-dopa, the immediate precursor to dopamine given, usually with alpha-methyldopa, that allows more l-dopa to reach brain before becoming dopamine |
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huntington's disease |
inherited disease in which basal ganglia, especially the caudate-putamen progressively degenerate - GABA and Ach production dies; no treatment |
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huntington's disease symptoms |
begin as motor dysfunctions and progress to dementia; jerky movements occur involuntarily and grow worse |
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huntingtin |
protein on defective gene that causes huntingon's disease; length correlated with age of onset |