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87 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Why do people become attracted to other people?
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Nearness (propinquity effect)
similarity attractiveness |
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Propinquity effect
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the more we see and interact with people, the more we like them
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Describe MIT apartment building study
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closeness of apartments predicted closeness of friendship
folks by the mailboxes and by the stairs had more friends total because they saw more people |
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functional distance
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architectural effect
a person near the vending machine in an office is more likely to interact with people |
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why does propinquity work?
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familiarity: the more familiar, the more you like
mere exposure effect (the more you’re exposed, the more you like it) |
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mere exposure effect
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the more you’re exposed to something, the more you will like it
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random-lady-in-class study
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example of mere exposure effect
when the student showed up in class, but did not interact in any way students were later more likely to rate her as more friendly, more of a leader, more attractive, etc. |
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Opposites attract?
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Yes, but only initially
(by being complementary and picking up each other’s slack) over long term, though, similarity is more predictive of relationship success |
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Why does similarity promote attraction
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similiar opinions, communication style, interests and experiences
lead to group-forming, and groups are self-selecting and cohesive similarity validates our beliefs and facilitates smoother interactions and similar others have qualities we like (because we like ourselves - fundamental attribution error again) |
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physical attractiveness
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equally important to both genders
conventional wisdom may just fall down when not taking into account that women may not be as vocal about the things they find important |
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Beauty in the eye of the beholder?
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kinda...but there are cross-cultural standards as well
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Averageness
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the thought that as a face approaches the species ideal, they become more attractive
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familiarity (facial)
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when a person’s own facial features are included into a composite, they find the end result more attractive
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beauty and social standing
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attractive people get more attention, higher salaries, etc.
perhaps due to the self-fulfilling prophecy |
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phone-photo study
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people on phone with a person they were told is attractive tend to believe the person is smarter, funnier, kinder, etc.
people listening to the conversation tended to rate the person as likely more attractive because the subject treated them as such |
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Relationships
social exchange theory |
cost-benefit analysis
what does partner do for me? what does it cost? can I do better elsewhere? |
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equity theory
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people like to be balanced
in an imbalance, neither party is likely to be happy if one party is over- or under-compensated for effort |
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Defining love
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passionate love: longing, arousal
companionate love: intimacy, affection, caring both: this is the best |
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Sternberg’s Triangular theory of love
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Intimacy, passion, commitment
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Theory: Romantic Love
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Passion + Intimacy
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Theory: Compassionate Love
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Intimacy + Commitment
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Theory: Fatuous Love
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Passion + Commitment
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Theory: Consummate Love
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Ideal
Passion+Intimacy+Commitment |
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Breaking up: Control
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having control makes the situation easiest
try to share the decision-making process |
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Prosocial behavior:
Evolutionary Theory |
Kin selection
reciprocity norm learning social norms |
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Prosocial behavior: Evolutionary Theory
Kin Selection |
helping out related genes by helping out relatives
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Prosocial behavior: Evolutionary Theory
Reciprocity Norm |
I help now, so you can help later
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Prosocial behavior: Evolutionary Theory
Learning Social Norms |
there are group benefits to learning the rules
so perhaps it is genetically programmed for us to follow social norms |
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Altruism
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The desire to help someone even if there is no personal gain, or if there is undercompensated risk to the helper
may not exist: doesn’t a selfless act make you feel good? |
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Prosocial behavior
Social Exchange Theory |
Maximizing rewards v. costs
it feels good to help, there may be social rewards it may be dangerous, it may cost too much time, or have too much risk of embarrassment |
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Empathy-Altruism hypothesis
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empathy may lead to helping
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Negative-state relief theory
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Abe Lincoln story
selfish act of “altruism” |
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Motive for helping:
having to meet/share time with person later |
Subjects were told to watch a video about someone who needs help
then were told that that person would be attending the S’s class later and were thus more likely to help |
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Gender and helping
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women are more likely to help in long term, nurturing relationships
men are more likely to help in heroic situations debate as to whether there is a real difference, or if it’s because of societal norms |
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Helping and Situation
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affected by concerns for safety
pluralistic ignorance diffusion of responsibility |
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pluralistic ignorance
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when looking to others for information, we assume nothing is wrong if others don’t seem concerned
which is self-perpetuating |
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5-step model of helping
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Notice event
interpret as emergency assume responsibility know appropriate response implement decision |
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Define aggression
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intentional behavior aimed at doing another harm
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Types of aggresision
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insturmental aggression
hostile aggression active aggression passive aggression |
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instrumental aggression
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hurting others as a means to an end
sackign the QB when the intent is to complete a task that requires aggression |
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Hostile aggression
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when the intent is to cause harm
hockey fights stems from fear or anger, etc. |
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Active v. Passive Aggression
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Performing an act
v. withholding a behavior |
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Aggression and evolution
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we show dominance through aggression to demonstrate that we can provide protection for safety, young, and resources
also, jealousy ensures paternity |
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Aggression and social learning theory
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aggression is not innate
we learn through modeling and observing, etc. and we adopt schemas with reinforce aggressive behavior |
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Aggression and culture
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aggression level varies widely by culture
european history is very violent while in some non-western societies, aggression is very rare Per Capita acts of violence are largest in Russia, then Mexico, then the US |
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Aggression and subculture
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in most broad culturres, the acceptability of aggression is pretty universal
but in the American South, insults or threat to property are more readily seen to be a cause for violence perhaps due to a frontier mentality where it was important to establish a reputation for toughness and defending one’s honor |
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Southern Aggression study
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thanks!
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Media violence
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longitudinal exposure seems to show an increase in aggressive behavior
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Media violence
one-shot v. long-term |
aggressive kids acted aggressively after viewing one-shot violence
even non aggressive kids became aggressive over the long term |
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Why does media violence increase aggression?
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exposure weakens inhibitions
imitation priming anger - making it an accessible response desensitization - decreasing the shock value displaying that the world “is a dangerous place” - thus causing ambiguous situations to be more likely interpreted as worthy of aggression |
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“aroused victim” study
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thanks!
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aggressive stimuli
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an object associated with aggression may increase likelihood of aggression
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Frustration-aggression hypothesis
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frustration leads to aggression when there’s unexpected frustration, or frustration deemed unwarranted, or frustration very near the completion of a goal
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alcohol and aggression
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don’t do it!
alcohol reduces inhibitions disrupts executive functions decreases attention to subtleties of situation |
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Catharsis
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don’t do it!
catharsis may make you feel better initially, but does not reduce further aggression perhaps reduces inhibition to aggressive behavior due to dissonance reduction tecnhiques that cause you to view your behavior as acceptable |
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Punishment and aggression
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does not work under most circumstances
cannot be modeled after aggressive behavior and, like in the toy study, may teach the wrong lesson |
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Good ways to decrease aggression
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Distraction
calm statements of anger (perhaps in a journal) apologizing (for the aggressor) empathy |
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Nice doll / bad doll video
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children, including black children, viewed the white babydoll as being a better person than the black babydoll
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Affective, Cognitive, and Behavioral components to prejudice
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affective = prejudice (making a pos/neg evaluation)
cognitive = stereotypes behavioral = discrimination (not always overt) |
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social categorization
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placing others into groups based on past experiences or characteristics
because we’re “cognitive misers” |
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Out-group homogeneity
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“they’re all the same”
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logic in prejudice
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not much!
prejudice is largely emotional so fight fire with fire |
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Dual-process model
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automatic processing and controlled processing
so stereotypes that you don’t endorse can still come through in your behavior |
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Donald study
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Ss were primed with black stereotypes
then were asked to read an ambiguous scenario about Donald and then rated him as hostile more than non-primed Ss |
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Stereotype Threat
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When task was called a Problem Solving test, black and white Ss did equally well
when task was called and Intelligence test, black students did less well an awareness of a stereotype may lead a person to fulfill it |
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Blaming the victim
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coin-toss test
flirting/rape study |
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fixing prejudice: contact hypothesis
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if both groups are of equal status and share a common goal, prejudice will decrease
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fixing prejudice: Robbers Cave
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boys were separated into competing groups
then bringing the groups together led to aggression then when they were tasked with working together on a mutual goal, the in-group favoritism decreased because of a feeling of interdependence and empathy |
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Jigsaw Classroom
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breaking the class into groups which are tasked with learning small parts of the whole and teaching it to the rest of the class
causing equal status and mutual independence |
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define stress
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the body’s physiological response to threatening events
when demands exceed resources |
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resilience
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return to normal functioning after a stressful situation
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Social readjustment scale
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stressors assigned points
leading to a stress score but does not take into account stress subjectivity |
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direct effects of stress
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decrease in immune functioning
cold virus experiment - highest scorers on stress index were more likely to get sick |
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Stress: Avoidance Coping
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denying and ignoring the problem
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Stress: Problem-focused Coping
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attempting to find and alleviate the actual problem
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Stress: Emotion-focused Coping
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attempting to reduce the stress response itself
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Stress: Proactive coping
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making up-front efforts to ward off the onset of a stressful event
perhaps by making sure the stressor does not occur or by having a plan with which to deal with unexpected stressors |
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Stress: Perception of Control
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internal v. external locus of control
internal is more optimistic (Nursing home health study) but losing control is worse than never having it |
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Negative events: Internal v. External Attributions
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Thanks!
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Negative events: Stable v. Unstable
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Stable: Intelligence level
Unstable: Effort level |
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Negative events: Global v. Specific
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Global: it will happen all the time
Specific: it has to do with this one situation |
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Negative events: Internal/Stable/Global
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leads to learned helplessness and other ugliness
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Type A v. Type B personalities
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Type A: Competitive, Impatient, Control Oriented, at much higher risk for heart disease
Overall health of troupe went up when the Type A baboons died |
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Social support: Instrumental
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when the social network helps to deal with the problem itself, perhaps by providing informational resources
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Social support: Emotional
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dealing with the stress response
making you laugh, giving you a shoulder to cry on, etc. |
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Stress buffering hypothesis
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social groups help with stress by
helping you to see events as less stressful, or by helping with the stress response people with higher social support have fewer medical complications, etc. |
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Framing and stress
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thanks!
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