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67 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Psychology
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scientific study of behavior and mental processes
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4 psychology's goals
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1. predict: When it will happen
2. description: what happened 3. explanation: why it's happening 4. control: how can it be fixed |
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psychodynamic
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*unconscious mind and it's influences of the conscious behavior
*early childhood experiences |
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behavioral
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*explains how voluntary behavior is learned
EX: child crying is rewarded by mothers attention. Being awarded the child will cry again in the future |
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humanistic
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*focuses on peoples ability to direct their own lives
*freedom to choose their own destiny *achievement of one's full potential |
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cognitive
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focuses on how people think, remember, store and use info
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sociocultural
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*study of groups social roles/rules
*cultural norms, values, expectations |
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bio-psychological
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*biological bases of behavior/mental process
*hormones, heredity, brain chemicals, etc. |
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psychologists
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*no medical training
*must be licensed to practice within their state |
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psychiatrist
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*has medical degree
*specialized to diagnose/can prescribe medication |
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Scientific Method Steps
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1. form a question
2. state a hypothesis 3. test the hypothesis 4. draw conclusions 5. report results |
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observer effect
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animals/people who know they are watched will not behave normally
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case study
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*1 individual is studied in great detail
*advantage: the mass amount of detail it provides, good to study things that are rare |
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correlation
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measure of the relationship between 2 or more variables
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correlation coefficient
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*direction/strength of a relationship
(+) = 2 variables move in same direction *1 goes up the other goes up (-) = 2 variables have an inverse relationship *as one goes up, the other goes down *The # will always range between +1.00 and -1.00. The closer the # is to 0 the weaker the relationships become. |
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independent variable
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variable that is manipulated
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dependent variable
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response to the manipulation to the independent variable
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experimental group
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exposed to the I.V. b/c the group receives the experimental manipulation
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control group
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gets either no treatment/some kind of treatment with no effect
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placebo effect
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expectations of the participants in a study can influence their behaviors
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experimenter effect
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expectations of the experimenter can influence the behavior
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Occipital Lobe
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*visual center
*helps identify/make sense of the visual info. |
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Parietal Lobe
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*processes info. from the skin/internal body receptors for touch, temp, and body positions
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Temporal Lobe
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*sense of hearing/meaningful speech
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Frontal Lobe
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*controls emotions
*fluent speech *higher mental processes and decisions making |
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neuron
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*basic cell
*makes up the nervous system *receives/sends messages |
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glial cells
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*provides support for neurons
*delivers nutrients to neurons *influence generation of new neurons |
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synapse
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fluid filled space
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soma
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cell body
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hyperpolarization
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change in a cells membrane potential that makes it more (-)
*opposite of depolarization |
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myelin sheath
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*insulation of a cell
*speeds up neural messages within a cell |
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all-or-nothing law
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either you have action potential or you dont
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communication between neurons
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Chemicals in the end of one neuron float across the gap to fit into holes on the next neuron
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synaptic vesicles
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storage sacs containing neurotransmitters
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neurotransmitter
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*specific shapes
*when NT binds to receptor, ions enter |
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agonist
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*mimic neurotransmitter
EX: morphine: releases endorphins |
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antagonist
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*block receptors
*NT naturally activate receptors |
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nervous system
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broken down into 2 parts:
1. central nervous system 2. peripheral nervous system |
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central nervous system
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made up of the brain and spinal cord
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peripheral nervous system
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1. autonomic (regulation of internal organs: digestion, blood vessels, blood pressure)
2. somatic (controls mov't of skeletal muscles) |
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hypothalamus
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*regulates the amount of fear, thirst, sex drive, and aggressions, body temp, reward, hormone selection
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what is the hindbrain made up of?
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1. medulla
2. pons 3. reticular formation 4. cerebellum |
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medulla
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*where nerves cross from 1 side of the body to the opposite side
*controls heartbeat, breathing, swallowing |
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pons
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*motor nerves carrying msgs from brain to body
*influence sleep, dreaming, and arousal |
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reticular formation
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*allows people to ignore constant unchanging info, and become alert to changes
*if destroyed may result in an irreversible coma |
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cerebellum
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controls all involuntary, rapid, fine mov't
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limic system
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*part of the lower-level structure
*involved in emotions, motivation, and learning |
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midbrain
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involved in processing visual and auditory info
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thalamus
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*forebrain
*relays info from sensory organs to the cerebral cortex |
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amygdala & where is it located?
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*responsible for fear responses and memory of fear
*people can respond to danger very quickly, before they are consciously aware *identify emotions from facial expressions *heart rate, adrenaline releases *temporal lobe |
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hippocampus
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*"seahorse"
*temporal lobe *long term memory/storage of memory for location of objects *forming new memories |
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higher-level structure
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1. corpus callosum
2. cerebral cortex |
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corpus callosum
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thick band of neurons that connects the right and left cerebral hemispheres
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cerebral cortex
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*important role in emotional/cognitive processing
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fMRI
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*analyze blood flow/oxygen levels
*activity measured over seconds rather than minutes |
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PET
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*tracks radioactive compound (glucose)
*collects color coded info over several mins |
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sensation
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occurs when special receptors in sense organs are activated
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transduction
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an energy form, change it into an internal code
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perception
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*sensations are experienced by any given time
*you interpret, organize the info in an meaningful way |
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sensory threshold
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smallest possible difference
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webers law
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*sensation is relative
EX: lifting weights 10 to 15 lbs |
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absolute threshold
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*minimal amount of stimulus to be detected
EX: hearing a watch tick 20 ft. away |
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mere exposure effect
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*being exposed to something repeatedly then begin to like it
EX: certain songs being played on the radio |
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sensory habituation
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*brain not paying attention to constant stimulation
EX: at a party. paying attention to convo right in front of you, someone says your name might be able to respond |
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sensory adaption
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EX: cold temp of a lake when swimming
*doesn't feel cold after being exposed to it for awhile |
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selection attention
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EX: talking on the phone while driving
*switching back and forth *laps: missing exits or parts of the convo. |
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endocrine gland
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secretes hormones directly into the bloodstream
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