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56 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
-the individual is more important than the state
-the individual is capable of independence and self-determination -progress is possible in human affairs -state power should be limited |
central points in classical liberalism
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-favored government and individual rights
-early proponent of classical liberalism -before governments, people lived in the state of nature human nature is characterized by freedom, equality, and reason -each person is born equally free and equally in possession of certain natural rights -life, liberty, and pursuit of property |
John Locke
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liberalism and capitalism share a conceptual basis-both are founded on the premise of individual rationality
-early proponent of classical liberalism -government's role should be restricted to providing security and public services natural equality does not lead to economic equality |
Adam Smith
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government should be involved to help the entire population become equal
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modern liberalism
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interventionist government is government that takes a role in regulating economic and social interactions
-proponent of modern liberalism -expansive (positive) liberty is the objective south by the interventionist government |
T.H. Green
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the state should intervene to help those in need
-doing so takes away the freedom of the powerful to exploit the weak -replaces exploitation with expansive liberty |
Jane Adams
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modern liberalism (aka government should implement equal rights) used by an interventionist government to help start an equal government in a foreign location
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expansive liberty
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1. women have been denied equality of resources-do not make as much money as men
2. women have been denied equality of political power-never been president 3. women have been denied equality of educational opportunities-cannot go to school in some cultures 4. women have been denied equality of basic health care-cannot get abortions 5.women have been denied equality of respect-seen as weaker and inferior, don't get the same jobs |
evidence of patriarchal society
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work 8-5 then go home and work as a mom
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double day work
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feminism needs to be careful and respect other cultures
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diversity feminism
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stated by Locke
-preserve yourself -do not harm others -help others if possible |
laws of nature
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1. responsibility to use natural resources in support of eco-system integrity
2. ownership is not an entitlement to total direction over use -nature is worthy of conservation even if there is no economic benefit |
basic tenants of environmentalism
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have duty to do what is best for earth
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ecological stewardship
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using natural resources in a manner that neither depletes or destroys the environment
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sustainable development
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separates industrialized countries from non-industrialized countries giving the less developed more time to grow and equal out
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north/south division
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-attributed to north/south division
-influenced the Kyoto Treaty Ratification because American good would have become too expensive and other goods would be bought from China and Pakistan who were not part of the Kyoto Treaty |
Influence north/south division had on Kyoto
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ones in which the people and government are connected; the people are self-governed.
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democratic government
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1. the people are free to select and/or refject government officials through the electoral process
2. there is ongoing access to the government by the people between elections 3. the enactment of laws and policies reflect the interests of the self-governing people |
3 tenets to make sure people and government are connected
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___-what the people do for the government-elections, public opinion
___-what the government does for the people-policies, programs, laws |
inputs;outputs
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1. participation-US electorate vote vs. Switzerland compulsory or referenda vote
2. pluralism-US constitution vs. Germany basic law 3. developmentalism-US character counts vs. Argentina school newspapers 4. protection-US bill of rights vs. Great Britain unwritten laws based on tradition 5. performance-US high individual success vs. India low individual success |
five components of democracy
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governments in which the people are not self-governing and are not in a position to direct government policy toward the expression of the people's interests
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non-democracy
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1. no inputs/outputs
2. may deny freedom of participation 3. may suppress various groups 4. may delink government outputs 5. may have leadership shaped by military, parties, families, or elites |
five characteristics of non-democracy
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groups with a common thought and agenda that try to persuade government
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interest groups
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personal contact with political officials (ex-politicians turned lobbyist)
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direct lobbying
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strategy of trying to convince voters and members of the public to support the interest group’s position (MADD, AARP)
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grassroots lobbying
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work for candidates trying to persuade them from inside the system (PACs)
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campaign involvement
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file amicus curiae briefs to influence the decision of a court
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Judicial Process
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pickets, sin-ins, marches used to publicize the group's agenda
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protests
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1. nonassociational groups have low organization and no name -associational groups are organized and have names
2. membership groups have official numbers--nonmembership groups do not 3. state autonomy, officials implemented-democratic corporatism, government implemented |
3 ways interest group participation differs across countries
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broad-based organizations that have a set of ideals that encompass many people
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political
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work for candidates trying to persuade them from inside the system (PACs)
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campaign involvement
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file amicus curiae briefs to influence the decision of a court
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Judicial Process
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pickets, sin-ins, marches used to publicize the group's agenda
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protests
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1. nonassociational groups have low organization and no name -associational groups are organized and have names
2. membership groups have official numbers--nonmembership groups do not 3. state autonomy, officials implemented-democratic corporatism, government implemented |
3 ways interest group participation differs across countries
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broad-based organizations that have a set of ideals that encompass many people
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political
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1.political participation-registering voters, party meetings
2. educational information-inform voters on issues like abortion, crime 3. link citizens and governments- used to help citizens get a government office |
3 benefits of political parties in US
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three different party relations
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consensual party relations
conflictual party relations consociational party relations |
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parties are fairly united on fundamental issues involving politics and economics
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consensual party relations
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parties are divided by sharp ideological disagreements; party coalitions tend to be less stable than those of consensual party systems
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conflictual party relations
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parties differ radically on fundamental issues (as in conflictual systems) but possess established routines of bargaining and compromise conducive to stable government (as in consensual systems)
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consociational party relations
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the winner is the candidate who receives more votes than anyone else; aka "winner take all" systems
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single-member plurality
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voters cas as many votes as there are offices to be filled; voters can combine their votes for a single candidate or split their votes among two or three more candidates; the top vote recipients are the winners
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cumulative voting
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voters can rank on the ballot as first, second, third, and so on choices; when all votes are counted, second, third, and so on choices are taken into account to reward candidates other than first place winners
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single-transferrable vote
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sociological cleavages-perspective emphasizing that voting decisions are sometimes affected by one's membership in certain groups
retrospective voting- voters make up their minds by looking at the present and/or past performance of candidates or parties and reward or penalize candidates or parties on the basis of their performance prospective voting-voters who make their decisions on a rational assessment of probable future benefits |
three decision-making concepts when voting
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parties and their candidates receive a percentage of offices based on the percentage of votes received in an election
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proportional representation
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a party must receive a certain percentage of the popular vote to qualify for legislative seats
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threshold provision
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1. timing-less frequent elections result in higher turnout
2. scheduling-turnout goes up when not on work day 3. registration-state automatically registers voters 4. proportional representation-turnout increases because voting is more rational 5.compulsory voting- requried by law to vote |
compulsory voting
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elected in district for fixed terms
-executives cannot be removed by vote of no confidence -power to separate from legislative power -powers defined in the constitution |
president
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-legislature selects executives
-can be removed by vote of no confidence -powers combined with legislative powers -power comes from legislators |
parliamentary
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congress has expanded the president's authority
-presisdential staff -president can reward/punish congress -president is seen as leader of the country |
extra-presidential party
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head of his/her party which is the majority party
-wide ranging of appointment power -head of government |
prime minister
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-head of supremacy in state
-sole deciders of constitutionality |
parliamentary (legislative) supremacy
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the two theoretical perspectives in IR
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1. idealism
2. realism |
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perspective that makes both normative and empirical claims
-gov't should use ethical principles in IR -human nature is capable of reason and peace, not violence |
idealism
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human nature is prone toward violence and destruction
-government should be amassing power, not pursuing morality -gov't interests are best promoted when the gov't holds power -most prominent during the Cold War |
realism
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containment-contained Soviet expansion limiting soviet power
Truman doctrine- US gained allies by helping those who refused Soviet threats Marshall plan-provided aid to Europe, gaining allies, limiting Soviet power NATO-common military defense against soviet military expansion |
reasons why realism was most prominent during the cold war (IR)
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