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80 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Albert Bandura
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Social or Observational Learning Theory - Children learn by observing others
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Jerome Bruner
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Discovery Learning and Constructivism - learning is active process, construct new ideas based on past knowledge
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John Dewy
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Learning Through Experience - school is a social instituion and process of living, focus on creating problem solvers, students should direct their own education.
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Erik Erikson
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8 Stages of Human Development
Stage 5: Adolescens 12-18 - Identity vs. role confusion, key - Sense of Identity |
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Carol Gilligan
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Stages of the Ethic of Care - challenged male centered theorists
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Lawrence Kohlberg
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Theory of Moral Development - Preconvential - obedience inspired by punishment, Conventional - approval of others and meeting obligations, Post-conventional - social mutuality and interest in welfare of others
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Abraham Maslow
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Hierarchy of Needs - Physiological, Safety, Love and Belongingness, Esteem, Self-actualization
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Maria Montessori
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Follow the Child - Learning process - stage 1 - Introduce, 2 - Process through work or experimentation, 3 - Knowing - pass test, teach to others
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Jean Piaget
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Stages of Cognitive Development- Foramal Operational 11+yrs, Reasoning in hypothetical situations and use of abstract thought
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B.F. Skinner
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Operant Conditioning - "Grandfather of behaviorism" Learning is a function of change in observable behavior. Operant Conditioning.
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Lev Vygotsky
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Zone of Proximal Development - social development theory of learning - Social interaction influences cognitive development - Zone of proximal development - find the "just right" lesson for a student's level.
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Constructivism
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people construct their own understanding through reflection on experiences
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Discovery Learning
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methods that enable discovery of information by themselves or in groups
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Extrinsic Motivation
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Motivation from outside a person, Stickers, behavior charts, incentives are examples
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Intrinsic Motivation
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Motivation from within, reflecting on goals, achievements or helping students see progress are examples
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Learned Helplessness
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tendency towards passive learning, dependent on others
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Metacognition
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ability to think about own thinking. self awareness and self regulation. example: describing strategies used to solve problem
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Readiness to Learn
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basic needs are met and student is cognitively ready to learn
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Scaffolding
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Assistance given that is weened away as the learner progresses
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Schema
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concepts form from past experiences. Mind loves organization and associates information with past events
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Transfer
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ability to provide a lesson to a new situation
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Zone of Proximal Development
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Vygotsky - students learn best in social context where taught information student could not learn on own.
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Howard Gardner
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Multiple Intelligences - Verbal/linguistic, Logical/mathematical/ Visual/spatial, Bodily/kinesthetic. Musical, Interpersonal. Intrapersonal, Naturalist
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Nitza Hidalgo
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Three Levels of Culture - Concrete (objects), Behavioral (communication and social roles), Symbolic (values and beliefs)
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Luis Moll
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Funds of Knowledge - multicultural families can become social and intellectual resources for a school
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ADD
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Attention Deficit Disorder - difficulty focusing, following directions, organizing. Diagnosis must be made by medical professional
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ADHD
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Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder - same difficulties as ADD but also have difficulty with impulsiveness, sitting still and taking turns. diagnosis made by medical professional
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Auditory (Aural) Learner
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process information through listening
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Autism Spectrum Disorders
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Autism, Asperger Syndrome and other PDDs (Pervasive developmental delays. Difficulty socializing and communicating
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Behavior Disorder (BD)
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disruptive behavior disorder - violating rules, aggression toward people or animals, destroying property, deceitfulness
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Concrete Operational Thinkingers
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children 7-11 think in logical, not abstract, terms. Hands-on experiences needed
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Developmental Delays
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Identified by medical professional before age 22. Difficulties with self-care, expressive or receptive language, learning, mobility, self-direction, capacity for independent living and economic self-sufficiency
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ELL or ESL or PLNE
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English language learner, English as a second language and primary language not English. Build on student's culture, support proficiency in native language, give time, work in small groups
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Formal Operational Thinkers
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ages 11-15 develop hypothetical and abstract thinking.
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Functional Mental Retardation (MR)
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diagnosis by medical professional , difficulties with age-specific activities, communication, daily living activities, getting along with others
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Kinesthetic Leaner
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process information through moving and oing
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LD
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Learning Disabilities - determined by multidisciplinary team or a physician. Not learning to potential - usually in reading , math or written.
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Tactile Learner
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process information through touching - need hands-on experiences
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Visual Learner
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process information through seeing.
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ADA
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Americans with Disabilities Act- law that prohibits discrimination based on disabilities by state and local governments. Not dependent on receipt of federal funds
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Due Process
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procedures or safeguards that give students with disabilities extensive rights. Notice of meetings, examining relevant records, impartial hearings and review procedure
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IDEA
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Individuals with Disabilities Act - federal statue of grant programs. Specifies disabilities and conditions for entitlement to special education
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IEP
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Individualized Education Plan - written plan based on multidisciplinary teams' evaluation (MDT) reviewed and updated yearly, required under Public Law 94-142 (IDEA)
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LRE
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Least Restrictive Environment - setting that to the maximum extent appropriate students with disabilities are educated with non disabled peers
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Section 504 of the Rehabilitation Act
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civil rights law prohibits discrimination against disabilities by federally assisted programs. Covers individuals from birth to death
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Alternative Assessments
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anecdotal records of student behavior, portfolios, checklists of progress, conferences. view of process and product, as opposed to a test score
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Differentiated Instruction
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flexible approach, varied approaches to content, process and product
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Testing Accommodations
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longer times, untimed tests, having a scribe, large fonts, breaks, sing-language interpretation.
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Age-Appropriate Knowledge and Behavior
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student progress on developmental continuum in physical, social, emotional and cognitive development most be compared to average of peers
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Cognitive Patterns
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teachers must understand student's individualized learning methods
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Linguistic Patterns
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Non-English speakers or non-Standard American English (SAE) students benefit from periods of silence and listening more.
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Multicultural
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help students define and understand their own cultures. eliminate mutual misconceptions, form lesson planning
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Physical Issues
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communicate to appropriate parties to help optimal learning.
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Social and Emotional Issues
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Maslow - fundamental needs must be met. Socioeconomic Status (SES) must be accounted for, but high expectations regardless of SES
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Students and School Culture
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bullying, teasing, cliques, safety issues, groups, gender relationships, policies, procedures, norms for dress, affect students
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Ausubel, David
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"Advance Organizer" - help link prior knowledge to current lesson. Examples: semantic webs, KWL charts, concept maps
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Banura, Albert
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"Modeling" - observational learning - Attention, Retention, Reproduction, Motivation
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Canter, Lee
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"Assertive Discipline" - clear expectations, rules and follow through. choice to obey or face consequences
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Glasser, William
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"Choice Theory or Control Theory" - focus on behavior, not students during conflict. Student involvement. Create space to learn.
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Kounin, Jacob
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"With-it-ness" - awareness of classroom, pacing and smooth transitions
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Hunter, Madeline
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"Direct Instruction" - Objectives, Standards, Advance Organizer, Teaching, Practice, Closure, Extended Practice
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Pavlov, Ivan
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"Classical Conditioning" - conditioned responses, Pavlov responsible for experimental basis of behaviorist learning theory
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Objectives
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"What are students supposed to know or be able to do at the conclusion of the lesson?"
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Learner Factors
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informs lesson planning, meet needs through differentiation
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Environmental Factors
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focus on immediate environment during learning
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Punishment vs. Discipline
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teacher-centered vs. student-centered
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Canter and Canter
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"assertive discipline" - clear expectations, consistent follow through, fair consequences
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Kounin
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"with-it-ness" - constant monitoring and awareness of student behavior
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Ginott
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supportive and preventive discipline "sane messages" - describe issue or event
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Glasser
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"choice theory" - students co-determine rules, guidelines and consequences
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Hunter
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effective lesson planning, "anticipatory set" connects prior knowledge to new content
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Jones, Fedric
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50% of instruction time lost to 80% talking and 20% goofing off. Use teacher body language, incentive systems and efficient individual help
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Essential Nine Instructional Strategies
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1- Identifying Similarities and Differences
2- Summarizing and Note-Taking 3- Reinforcing Effort and Providing Recognition 4- Assigning Homework and Practice 5-Fostering Nonlinguistic Representations 6 - Encouraging Cooperative Learning 7-Setting Objectives and Providing Feedback 8-Generating and Testing Hypotheses 9- Using Cues, Questions and Advance Organizers |
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SQ3R
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Survey, Question, Read, Recite, Review
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Anchored Instruction
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concrete application of concept
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Differentiated Instruction
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responding to the wide range of abilities. Tiered Instruction, Curriculum Compacting, Curriculum Chunking, Flexible Grouping
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Direct Instruction
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planned lessons, small attainable increments, defined goals.
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Demonstrations
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explicitly showing students what something is or how to do it.
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Story Maps
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map elements of story
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cause-and-effect maps
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graph cause and effect
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