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40 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Public Opinion |
Those opinions held by private persons whichgovernments find it prudent to heed |
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Measurement Error |
Uncertainties in public opinion, as revealed byresponses to polls, that arise from the imperfect connection between thewording of survey questions and the terms in which people understand and thinkabout political objects |
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Straw Poll |
An unofficial ballot conducted as a test of opinion
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Random Sample |
A subset of a population in which each memberhas an equal chance of being chosen |
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Bias |
Asking questions that don’t bias the respondentis a challenge |
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Push Poll |
An ostensible opinion poll in which the trueobjective is to sway voters using loaded or manipulative questions. |
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Social Desirability |
The tendency of survey respondents to answer questions in amanner that will be viewed favorably by others |
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Political Socialization |
The process of acquiring political attitudesthroughout childhood and young adulthood. |
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Campaign |
Process by which individuals running for political office promote themselves to the public |
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Stump Speech |
Standard political speech |
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Party-Centered Campaign |
Candidate relied on their political party to raise money, organize, and campaign on their behalf |
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Candidate-Centered Campaign |
Individuals now raise their own money, create their own organizations, and run their own campaigns |
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Hard Money |
Political contribution that are restricted by election laws |
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Soft Money |
Unregulated contributions to political parties or non-profit organizations |
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Political Action Committees |
Organizations established by businesses, labor unions, and interest groups to channel financial contributions into political campaigns, but not directly to candidates |
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Ad Type |
Issue vs. Character |
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Ad Tone |
Attack/Negative, Promotional, Contrast |
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Ad Appeal |
Emotional vs. Factual |
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Rational Choice |
The decision is a rational choice calculated using a cost benefit ratio Benefit - Cost = Participate |
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Socioeconomic Theory of Participation |
Individual characteristics like income and education that predict the likelihood of participation |
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Mobilization Theory |
People who are intentionally targeted and invited to participate are more likely to engage |
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Civic Voluntarism Model |
There are three determinates of participation 1. Resources: Time, money, skills, information 2. Mobilization: informal networks (friends,family, etc.) and formal networks (political parties, non-profit, etc) 3. Interest: psychological desire to engage(learned) |
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Low Information Rationality |
Rationality for voters to have little political information Voters use information shortcuts to construct narratives about candidates |
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Information Shortcut |
Use cues to draw conclusions Party Identification Personality Traits Assessment of the "State of Things" |
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Campaign Gaffe |
Mistake in campaign |
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Ideologies |
A comprehensive, integrated set of views about government and policies |
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Liberal |
Democrat |
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Conservative |
Republican |
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Party Identification |
Which party you feel resonates with your values |
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Party Cue |
Messages that the party sends to people that align with party so you know how to position yourself with the parties values |
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Party Polarization |
Cases in which an individual's stance on a given issue, policy, or person is more likely to be strictly defined by their identification with a particular political party or ideology |
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Lobbying |
Activities through which individuals, interest groups,and other institutions seek to influence public policy by persuading governmentofficials to support their groups’ position. |
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Lobbyist |
Professionals who work to influence publicpolicy in favor of their client’s interest |
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Insider Lobbying Tactics |
Operating around DC, in cahoots with politicians(friends with them, building alliances) |
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Outsider Lobbying Tactics |
Bring publicity to events (on scene) |
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What can PAC's do? |
Fundraise unlimited amounts of money Make unlimited expenditures independently of a candidate or political party |
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Watchdog |
informsthe public about goings-on in institutions and society, especially incircumstances where a significant portion of the public would demand changes inresponse. |
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Agenda Setting |
Occurs when readers and watchers of news thatrelates to issues or topics are influenced by what the press covers in a veryspecific way – influencing what they think about, rather than what they think |
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Priming |
This is about the issues/stories that the media chooses to discuss |
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Framing |
This is about how the media presents those issues/stories |