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102 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Plant structure: Name the three parts that make up a plant. |
Roots, stems, and leaves |
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What are the 3 types of tissue |
1. Epidermal Tissue 2. Ground Tissue 3. Vascular Tissue |
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Epidermal Tissue |
Protects plant. + Leafs have cuticles a. Root hairs are formed from epidermal cells b. Modified cells develop into hairs, secretions/glands. |
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Ground Tissue |
a. Parenchyma b. Collenchyma c. Scelrenchyma |
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Paranchyma |
Most basic * " typical plant cell" * used for storage/photosynthesis * have regular cell walls |
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Collenchyma |
Irregular thickened cell walls - support * Protective around new growth * Celery * Supportive, but flexible |
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Sclerenchyma |
Secondary cell wall and sometimes lignin * mostly dead * Xylem tissue, nut shells, fibers (hemp) * 2 types- fibers and sclereids and pear----> gritty and seed coats |
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Vascular Tissue |
1. Xylem and Phloem 2. Elongated cells for transport 3. Xylem----> dead sclerenchyma cells a. Trachids and vessel elements (earlier) - Trachids aren't as "efficient"; are narrow w/ pits 4. Phloem: cells are alive: Sieve tube members (conduct) and companion cells w/ nuclei. |
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The functions of a stem are? |
1. Anchors and positions leaves 2. Some stems like the stem of a cacti can photosynthesize.
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The amount of roots are called ___________. |
Shoots. |
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The cylindrical shape of roots increase ____________ ________ for absorption |
Surface area |
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Roots _________, absorb, and __________ |
anchor, absorb, and store |
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Eudicot roots are ________ shaped and are typically ______________.
Monocot roots are ____________ and are _________________. |
1. star-shaped , Taproots 2. Circular, fibrous. |
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What is the growth development of roots from the bottom up? |
1. Root cap - made up of dead cells and secretion glands. Aids in movement and protection 2. Apical Meristem - location of cell division- mitosis 3. Zone of cell elongation 4. zone of maturation: epidermal, ground and vascular 5. Root cross section - water and mineral movement regulated---> casparian strip: waxy. |
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What are the functions of leaves? |
A. Photosynthesis B. Modifications. C. Structure. |
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What is transpiration
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The loss of water from plants
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The two tubes that transport minerals and water
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Xylem and Phloem
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Water travels up the phoelm through
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Cohesion: Hydrogen bonds
-polar bonds |
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Water travels up the xylem through
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Adhesion: water sticks to the sides of the xylem cells
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What is transpirational pull and where is it used?
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The roots and the leaves (stomata)
The physical act of water being drawn in the plant and out. |
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What is water potential
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Aquaporins help with this
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These are epidermal pores that are responsible for gas exchange
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stomata
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What travels through the phloem
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Sugares, amino acids, and hormones
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Sugar is produced where?
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Leaves (photosynthesis) (chloroplast)
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1
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1. Water is needed from the xylem
2. Water is loaded into the phloem - which is where the minerals are ( less water potential) 3. Osmosis is responsible for this relation 4. |
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True or False. Most water is lost through the leaves during transpiration.
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True
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Why does a stem typically contain more sclerenchyma and collenchyma than does a leaf?
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Because a stem is supposed to be a supportive structure wich the thick lignified cell walls of sclerenchym provide as opposed to the thin ordinary cell walls of collenchyma.
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How is a leaf structurally adapted for its function
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The epidermis is coated with a waxy surface known as a cuticle. This reduces water loss. Beneath the epidermis is the mesophyll, which is divided into two subgroups.
a. Palisade mesophyll: houses the cells responsible for photosynthesis. b. Spongy mesophyll: houses water and gas for photosynthesis The gaurd cell regulates the exchange of gas by "losing its" grip and opening. |
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How is primary growth different from secondary growth?
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1. Primary growth produces herbaceous (nonwoody) tissue: Growth in length
2. Secondary growth refers to growth in girth, resulting form nonapical meristems. |
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What is the function of xylem?
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The transportation of water and minerals
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What is the function of Phloem
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The transportation of most organic comp0ounds in the plant, including carbohydrates: Ie sucrose.
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What is the function of a vascular cambium
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It is responsible for secondary growth. It produces new phloem towards the outside of the plant and new xylem towards the inside.
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What is the function of the epidermis
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To protect the plant from exterior forces.
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What is a radicle?
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A young primary root that emerges from a seed
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Describe a taproot system
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There is a dominant large root and smaller secondary roots branching from it
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Describe a fibrous root system
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Both primary and secondary roots are similar in size
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Primary growth of roots is formed by ____________ ______________
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apical meristems
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Where do Apical meristems occur?
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At the tips of roots and stems
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What protects a root and perceives gravity?
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A root cap
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True or False: Transport is a one way processes
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False. It is two ways. Drawing in water from the roots and losing water from the leaves due to evaporation
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This substance lubricates the soil so that the root can penetrate deeper into the soil
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Mucilage
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The ______ _______________ ____________ produces cells that differentiate into primary tissues of the root
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Root apical meristem
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Define Plasmolysis
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Water escaping the plant
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Explain what root pressure (Guttation) is
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It occurs in the Xylem: If there is a lack of photosynthetic activity and transpiration, than at night water is pushed out of leaves
- typically occurs in small plants ( strawberries) |
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What is the zone of elongation
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Cellular expansion in this zone is responsible for pushing the root cap and apical tip forward through the soil.
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What is the zone of maturation
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It is where the elongating cells complete their differentiation into the tissues of the primary body. It is easily recognized because of the numerous root hairs that extend into the soil as outgrowths of single epidermal cells. They greatly increase the absorptive surface of roots during the growth period when large amounts of water and nutrients are needed.
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What is the proper name for the horizontal stems of ferns.
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Rhizomes
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Select the plant that is seedless and vascular:
A)anthocerophytes B)hepaticophytes C)bryophytes D)lycophytes E)nontracheophytes |
Lycophytes
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What is the first member of the gametophyte generation?
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A spore
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What is the most important adaptation required by plants to survive on land.
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Water management and mutation protection
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True or false: The evolutionary trend in land plants is to reduce the size of the gametophyte and increase the size of the sporophyte.
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True
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which plant originated the entire terrestrial plant lineage: from mosses to the flowering plants.
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One species of freshwater green algae
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What feature of cell walls in the charophytes allows cytoplasmic continuity between adjacent cells?
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plasmodesmata
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Which stage is the most dominant in the bryophyte life cycle?
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gametophyte
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Select the plant for which water is not necessary for fertilization:
A)club mosses B)ferns C)horsetails D)whisk ferns |
All of the choices require some form of water for fertilizatoin.
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The proper name for the female gametangia in the moss is _______; and the proper name for the male gametangia is _______.
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archegonia; antheridia
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True or false: Fungi and early land plants cohabitated, and the fungi formed close associations with the plants that enhanced water uptake.
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True
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Where are mosses rarely found in abundance?
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in high air pollution areas
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Name the plant that produces sporophytes with stomata for gas exchange, is photosynthetic and provides much of the energy needed for growth and reproduction.
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hornworts
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One type of vascular tissue, _________, conducts water and dissolved minerals upward from the roots; another type of vascular tissue, ________, conducts sucrose and hormones throughout the plant.
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xylem; phloem
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Name the plant that has nor roots or leaves.
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whisk fern
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True or False: Fruits co-evolved with seeds in gymnosperms.
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False, I don't know why, the book just said so.
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True or False: Diploid cells are found in the leaf structures of mosses.
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False, the moss is entirely haploid because wile it has leaves it is in it's gametophitic stage.
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What was the extinct "bridging" group of plants which connected seedless vascular plants from those with seeds?
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Gymnosperms
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What process creates spores during the haplodiplontic life cycle
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Meiosis
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In the generalized multicellular plant life cycle, name the process that begins with a haploid generation and ends with a diploid one.
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Fertilizatoin
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Gymnosperms were the first group of plants to...
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1. protect their developing embryos in nutrient-containing seeds
2. Make the evolutionary transition from swimming sperm to pollen-enclosed sperm. |
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Explain what a strobili is.
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exposed seed borne scale-like structure; also known as cones
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True or False: Gymnosperms are Homosporous
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False: They are heterosporous.
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What are pollen grains?
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Male gametophytes.
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Where are microspores and megaspores made?
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Microspores: in male cones
Megaspores: in female cones |
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True or False: Gymnosperms require water to fertilize
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False: They require wind to fertilize
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Phylum Cycadophyta
List some of its notable characteristics. |
1. Have unbranched trunks and large, closely packed leaves that are evergreen and tough
2. Sperm of cycads are flagellated |
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Phylum Ginkgophyta
List some of its notable characteristics. |
1. Consists of one species: Ginkgo biloba ( Maidenhair tree)
2. Large Dioecious tree that does not bear cones 3. Hardy plants in urban environments and tolerate insects, fungi, and pollutants 4. Males are usually planted because females produce fleshy, smelly, and messy fruit that superficially resemble cherry |
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Phylum Coniferophyta
List some of its notable characteristics. |
1. Large group of cone-bearing plants
2. Cones they bear are reproductive structures of the sporophyte generation that consist of several scalelike sporophylls arranged about a central axis 3. Sporophylls are modified leaves for reproduction |
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Phylum Gnetophyta
List some of its notable characteristics. |
1. Have many similarities with angiosperms such as flowerlike compound strobili, vessels in the secondary xylem, loss of archegonia , and double fertilization.
2. Welwitschia is the primary species that is shown in the book/lab |
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What is a megasporophyll? What makes it?
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Sporophylls of a female cone
The megasporangia makes them |
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What is a microsporophyll? What makes it?
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Sporophylls of a male cone
The microsporangium makes them |
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True or False: Male cones are larger than their female counterparts
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False: Female cones are larger than their male counterparts.
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What is the sporophyte of a pinus?
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the tree
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Are needles leaves?
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Yes
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True or False: Male cones usually form on the lower branches of pine trees, and female cones usually form on the upper branches
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True
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What is a staminate?
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A male cone
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What is an ovulate
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A female cone
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Microspores are developed through what process?
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Meiosis
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Through mitotic division, microspores will eventually become what?
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Pollen grains, also known as : microgametophytes
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Microspore mother cells undergo meiosis to produce what?
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Microspores
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How are microspore mother cells made?
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Each scale (microsporophyll) of the male cone bears a microsporangium, which produces the diploid microspore mother cell
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True or False: Ovuliferous scales are analogous to microsporophylls of staminate cones
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True
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How is a megaspore-mother-cell made
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Each ovuliferous scale of the female cone bears two megasporangia. Each produces a diploid megaspore mother cell.
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Name some evolutionary advantages of reproducing by means of seeds.
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A seed permits a small but multicellular sporophyte to remain dormant until conditions are favorable for continued growth. While dormant, the young sporophyte is protected by a seed coat and is surrounded by a food supply
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Phylum Pterophyta: Ferns
List some of its notable characteristics. |
1. Primarily homosporous vascular plants
2. Sperm Motile 3. External water necessary for fertilization 4. Leaves are megaphylls uncoil as they mature 5. Sporophytes and virtually all gametophytes photosynthetic |
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Phylum Pterophyta: Horsetails
List some of its notable characteristics. |
1. Homosporous vascular plants
2. Motile sperm 3. External water is necessary for fertilization 4. Stem are ribbed, jointed, either photosynthetic or nonphotosynthetic. 5. Leaves are scalelike, in whorls, nonphotosynthetic at maturity 6. ONE GENUS |
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Phylum Pterophyta: Whisk ferns
List some of its notable characteristics. |
1. Homosporous vascular plants.
2. Motile sperm 3. External water is necessary for fertilization 4. No differentiation between root and shoot 5. NO leaves; one of the two genera has scalelike enations and the other leaflike appendages |
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Phylum Lycophyta: Club mosses
List some of its notable characteristics. |
1. Either homosporous or heterosporous vascular plants
2. Motile sperm 3. External water is necessary for fertilization 4. Leaves are microphylls 5. About 12-13 Genera |
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During frontier times it was used to clean pots and pans, sand wooden floors, and scour plowshares
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Horsetails
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True or False: Equisitum is a type of horsetail.
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True , this is also known as (scouring rush)
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True or False: Ferns have seeds
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False
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True or False: Equistum have seeds
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False
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True or False: Gymnosperms lack seeds
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True
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True or False: Gymnosperms are cycads
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True
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1
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1
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