Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
36 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Immune System Components (2) |
-Leukocytes
+White blood cells +Wide range of immune responses -Lymphoid tissues +Bone marrow, thymus, spleen, lymph nodes, and tonsils +Development and function of leukocytes |
|
Leukocytes (2)
|
-Granulocytes
+Neutrophils +Eosinophils +Basophils -Agranulocytes +Monocytes +Lymphocytes |
|
Neutrophils (6)
|
-60–80% of leukocytes in blood
-Phagocyte -Secretes cytokines -Circulate in blood 7–10 hours -Migrate to tissues for a few days -Increase in number during infections |
|
Eosinophils (4)
|
-1.5% of leukocytes
-Phagocytes (but not main mechanism of action) -Defend against parasitic invaders (e.g., worms) -Granules contain toxic molecules that attack parasites |
|
Basophils (4)
|
-<1% of leukocytes
-Non-phagocytic -May defend against large parasites by releasing toxic substances -Contribute to allergic reactions +Histamine +Heparin |
|
Monocytes (3)
|
-5% of leukocytes
-Phagocytes -New monocytes circulate in blood few hours +Migrate to tissues -> macrophages +Wandering macrophages +Fixed macrophages |
|
Lymphocytes (3)
|
-30% of leukocytes
-99% of interstitial fluid cells -3 types +B lymphocytes (B cells) +T lymphocytes (T cells) +Null cells |
|
B Cells (4)
|
-B cells associated with antibodies
-B cell contacts antigen -> plasma cell -Plasma cell secretes antibodies (immunoglobulins) -Antibodies mark invaders for destruction |
|
T Cells (3)
|
-Directly damage foreign cells
-T cells contact infected, mutant or transplanted cells -Develop into cytotoxic T cells that destroy target cell +Takes several days +Secretory products form pores in target cell membrane +Lysis |
|
Null Cells (4)
|
-Most are natural killer cells
-Important against viral infections -Attack virus-infected cells +Cause lysis -Fast acting +Early immune response |
|
Central Lymphoid Tissue (2)
|
Bone marrow + thymus = central lymphoid tissue
-Bone marrow +Hematopoietic stem cells: precursor for all blood cells +Leukocytes except T lymphocytes fully develop -Thymus +T lymphocytes migrate from bone marrow to thymus +Develop maturity in thymus |
|
Peripheral Lymphoid Tissue (2)
|
-Spleen, lymph nodes, tonsils, adenoids, appendix, and Peyer’s patches
-Collections of B cells, T cells, and macrophages |
|
Organization of the Body’s Defenses (2)
|
-Nonspecific defenses
+Physical barriers +Inflammation +Interferons +Natural killer cells +Complement system -Specific defenses: immune responses |
|
Nonspecific Defenses: Physical Barriers (3)
|
-Skin
-Sebum and other secretions -Mucous membranes +Produce a viscous mucus +Mucus and entrapped pathogens are transported away |
|
Nonspecific Defenses: Internal Defenses (4)
|
-Inflammation
-Interferons -Natural killer cells -Complement system |
|
Interferons (2)
|
Proteins secreted by leukocytes and virus-infected cells
-Induce virus-resistance in neighboring cells -Viral infection +RNA invades host cell using its replication machinery to reproduce |
|
Natural Killer Cells (3)
|
-Recognize abnormal or infected cells
+Cause lysis of pathogen by secreting perforins -Can attack virus-infected cells without identifying virus +Early defense against viral infections -Part of specific immune response |
|
Complement System (2)
|
Plasma proteins that lyse foreign cells, especially bacteria
-Part of response to antibodies (specific immunity) in addition to non-specific response ~30 proteins participate in cascade resulting in piercing bacterial membrane causing lysis |
|
Specific Defenses: Immune Responses
|
Specific immune responses triggered by foreign matter reaching lymphoid tissue
|
|
Types of Specific Immune Responses (2)
|
-Humoral immunity
+B cell mediated +Involves secretion of antibodies by plasma cells +Defend against bacteria, toxins, and viruses in body fluids -Cell-mediated immunity +T cell mediated +Involves lysis of cells by cytotoxic T cells +Defend against bacteria, viruses in body cells +Part of reaction to transplants and cancer cell |
|
Diversity (2)
|
-Specificity means that an individual B or T cell can recognize only a few of many antigens, determined genetically
-Diversity in B and T cell antigen receptor types allows immune system to recognize millions of antigens |
|
Proliferation of Particular Lymphocytes (2)
|
-Antigen interacts with specific lymphocyte
-Induces those lymphocytes to proliferate and differentiate +Activation of lymphocytes = clonal selection |
|
Proliferation of Particular Lymphocytes (2)
|
-Two types of clones |
|
Memory (2)
|
-Primary immune response
+First exposure -Secondary immune response +Subsequent exposures |
|
Primary Immune Response (4)
|
-First exposure to antigen
-Takes 10–17 days to occur after exposure -Symptoms of illness occurs during these days -Antigen-selected B and T cells proliferate and differentiate into effector cells +Plasma cells +Cytotoxic T cells |
|
Secondary Immune Response (4)
|
-Subsequent exposures to antigen
-Takes 2–7 days to occur -Greater magnitude response and more prolonged -Occurs due to presence of memory cells |
|
Self-Tolerance (3)
|
-B and T cells do not attack normal cells of body
-As cells develop in bone marrow and thymus, any that have antigen receptors against normal body cells are destroyed by apoptosis (programmed cell death) -Autoimmune diseases caused by failure of self-tolerance |
|
Helper T Cell
|
B cells can proliferate and differentiate into plasma cells (but not memory cells) in absence of T cells - helper T cell-dependent
|
|
Cell-Mediated Immunity (3)
|
-Roles of T lymphocytes in cell-mediated immunity
-Helper T cell activation -Cytotoxic T cell activation |
|
Cell-Mediated Immunity
|
T cells defend against foreign or abnormal matter through direct contact
|
|
Types of T Lymphocytes (2)
|
-Helper T cells
+Secrete cytokines that enhance activity of B cells and other T cells +Enhance activity of macrophages and NK cells -Cytotoxic T cells +Kill virus-infected cells, abnormal cells (tumor), and bacteria |
|
Immunization (2)
|
-Vaccine = introduction of microorganism or its antigens in form not expected to cause disease
-Induces immune response including production of memory cells |
|
Immunity (2)
|
-Active immunity
+Immune response to vaccine or pathogen in individual gives immunity -Passive immunity +Ready-made antibodies administered +No memory cells, so no long-term immunity |
|
Immunity (2)
|
-Passive immunity from mother to fetus or baby
+IgG passes placenta +IgA passed in breast milk |
|
Blood Group Compatibility
|
-Blood types: A, B, AB, O
+Due to antigens on surface of RBCs +Type A -> A antigens, anti-B antibodies +Type B -> B antigens, anti-A antibodies +Type AB -> A and B antigens, no A or B antibodies +Type O -> no antigens, anti-A and anti B antibodies Universal donor = O Universal recipient = AB |
|
Immune Dysfunctions (4)
|
-Allergy
-Autoimmune diseases -Immunodeficiency diseases -The role of stress in the immune response |