Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
91 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
3 ways of forming relationships attractions
|
1) Familiarity and Similarity
2) Physical Attractivness 3) Personality Traits |
|
Famlliarity and Similarity
|
is a necessary condition for a close relationship to develop
|
|
Consensual Validation
|
Our own attitudes and behavior are supported when someone else's attitudes and behavior are similar to ours
|
|
Physical Attractiveness
|
we usually seek out someone at our own level of attractiveness in both physical characteristic an dsocial attributes.
|
|
Matching Hypothesis
|
although people may prefer a more attractive person in the abstract, in the real world, they end up choosing someone closer to their own level of attractiveness.
|
|
Personality traits
|
are amoung those we like and do not like, respectively.
|
|
Friendship
|
close relationships that involve intimacy, trust, acceptance, mutual liking, and understanding
|
|
types of gender Friendship
|
1) Between women
2) Between men 3) between men and women |
|
Friendship between women
|
women have more close friendships involve more self-disclosure and exchange of mutual support, more likley to listen, sympathetic.
|
|
Friendship between men
|
more likely to engage in activities, expecially outdoors.
|
|
Briendship between women and men
|
problems can arise in cross gender friendships becouse of different expectations.
|
|
Strategies for getting and keeping friends
|
1) be nice, kind and considerate
2) be honest and trustworthy 3) respect others 4) provide emotional support |
|
Love
|
involves being close to someone: it includes dependency, a more selfless orientation toward the individual, and qualities of absorption and exclusiveness
|
|
Romantic Love(passionate love)
|
has strong components of sexuallity and infatuation, and it often predominates in the early part of a love relationship.
also includes a complex intermingling of emotions fear, anger, sexual desires, joy and jealousy. |
|
Affectionate love ( companionate love)
|
is the type of love that occurs when individuals desire to have the other person near and have a deep, caring affection for the person.
|
|
Consummate love
|
the strongest form of love that consists of passion, intimacy, and commitment.
|
|
Types of love
|
1) infatuation
2) affectionate love 3) fatuous love 4) consummate love |
|
Sternberg's theory states
|
the ideal form of love consummate love- involves all three dimensions. Passion, intimacy, commitment.
|
|
Sternberg's triangle of love
|
1) passion
2) intimacy 3) commitment |
|
Attachment
|
we learn an attachment style as infants and tehn carry it foward as a working model, a sort of bluepring, for our relationship as adults.
|
|
Attachment Styles
|
1) Secure
2) avoidant 3) ambivalent |
|
Secure attachment style
|
the caregiver is responsive to teh infant's needs and shows postivie emotions when interacting with the infant. Securely attached infants trust their cargiver, don't fear that they will be abandoned, and explore their world in positive ways.
|
|
Avoidant attachments style
|
the caregiver is distant or rejecting , and fails to respond to the infant's bids fo establish intimacy, Avoidant infants supress their desire to be close to their caregiver
|
|
Ambivalent attachment Style
|
The caregiver is inconsistently available and when present often overbearing with affections: as a result, the infants can't predict when and how their caregiver will respond. Ambivalent infants may cling anxiously to the caregiver and then fight against the closeness by punshing away.
|
|
Links between attachment in childhood and close relationships in adulthood
|
1) adults, individuals who were securely attached to a caregiver in childhood find it easy to get close to others
2) adults, individuals who had an avoidant attachment style in childhood find it difficult to develop intimate relationships. 3) adults, individuals who had an ambivalent style are less trusting. |
|
Falling out of love
|
may be wise if you are obsessed with a person who repeatedly betrays your trust, draining you emotionally or financially or does not return your feelings.
|
|
Strategies for breaking the bonds of love
|
1) identify teh feelings that make it hard to surrender teh relationship
2) develop a stronger sense of self-esteem and independence 3) recongnize and stop the self-defeating thoughts that prevent us from taking effective actions to leave teh relationship 4) fall in love with someone else, but only when you are emotionally ready |
|
Dark side of close relationships
|
1) anger
2) jealousy 3) spouse and partner abuse 4) dependence 5) loneliness |
|
Anger
|
is a powerful emotion and an sometimes become an extermely distructive element in close relationship, anger justifies itself, passivity and outburst, catharsis-perceived injustice
|
|
Jealousy
|
the fear of perceived possibility of long somone else's exclusive love
|
|
3 phase cycle of domestic violence
|
1) tension building
2) acute battering incident 3) loving contrition |
|
Tension Building
|
tension builds up and the battered person uses coping skills to avoid abusive situations
|
|
Acute Battering Incident
|
Tension escalated until the batterer explodes into a violent exisode
|
|
Loving Contrition
|
tension is reduced whent eh batterer is remorseful, loving and generous, and the vicitm chooses to believe that the change is permanent. The tension soon starts to build again, owever and the cycle is repeated.
|
|
a second obstacle to permanent change
|
men who batter are usually dependent on their spouse as the only source of intimacy, love and support:
|
|
Dependence
|
have a low self esteem and fellings of insecurity, may become jelous of their partner, is likely to be perceived as a burden by the partner.
|
|
Strategies for overcoming excessive dependence
|
1) admit that the problem exists
2) explore the reasons for such neediness 3) intimate some strategies taht will lead to increased independence |
|
Loneliness
|
people who do not interact with others in close relationship on a regular basis may beel lonely. For some people loneliness is a chronic condition, linked to impaired physical and mental helalth.
|
|
Males and Females loneliness come from different sources
|
Men-blame themselves
Women-blame external factors |
|
Loneliness and life's transitions
|
loneliness is ninterwoven with many life transitions such as a move to a different part of the country, divorce or a death of a close friend or family member.
|
|
Loneliness and Technology
|
becouse of society's techology, links have been found between TV viewing and loneliness, people isolate themselves at their computers when they use the intenet,
|
|
wha % of college students report loneliness and what year of college
|
75% 1st year
|
|
6 diversity of adult lifestyles
|
1) single adults living alone
2) cohabiting adults 3) married adults 4) divorced adults 5) remarried adults 6) Gay and Lesbian Relationships |
|
Single and living alone
|
8 to 25% live From 1970 to 2000
reasons for living alone consist of death of partiner, divorce ect. |
|
Advantages of being single
|
make dicisions for yourself, time to develop personal resources to meet goals, pursue one's own schedule's
|
|
Cohabiting adults
|
living together in a secual relationship without being married
|
|
Married adults
|
brides and grooms are on average older getting married to day. marriages seem to last longer when one waits later to get married.
|
|
Myths about marrage
|
1) affairs are the main reason people get divorced
2) Men are not biologically made for marrage 3) Men are form "Marse" and women are form "venus" |
|
Strategies for making marriage work
|
1) Establish love maps
2) Nurture fondness and admiration 3) Turn toward each other instead of away 4) Let your partner influence you 5) Solve solvable conflictions 6) overcome gridlock 7) Creat shared meaning |
|
Marrage conflicts
|
work, stress, in-law, money, sex, housework and a new baby.
|
|
Gottman's study found Resolving conflicts works best when
|
a couple start out solving theporblem with a soft rather than a hars hpproach, they are motivated to repair the relationship, regulate their emotions, compromise, and are tolerant of each others falts
|
|
Finding a partner
|
differs from one culture to another, knowing what you are looking for in a partner is imporntant to each individual looking for a partner for life.
|
|
Marital Expectations
|
we expect a spouse to simultaneously to be a slove, friend, confidant, counselor, career person and parent
|
|
Benefits of a good marriage
|
live long
discribed as a happer person |
|
Divorced adults
|
love income groups have a higher incidence of divorce than higher groups
Youthful marriage, premarital pregnancy, low educational level, and low income are associated with increases in divorce. |
|
Coping with Divorce
|
1) Social Maturity
2) Autonomy 3) internal locus of control 4) religiousity 5) work 6) Social Support 7) a new intimate relationship |
|
Diversity of postdivorce pathways
|
1) enhancers
2) good enough 3) seekers 4) libertines 5) competent loners 6) defeated |
|
Strategies for Divorced adults
|
1) look at divorce as an opportunity for personal growth and to build more fulfilling relationships
2) think carefully about your choices 3) focus more on teh future than the past 4) capitalize on your strengths and the resources abailable to you 5) don't expect to be successful and happy in everything you do 6) you are never trapped by one pathway |
|
Remarried Adults
|
divorced adults remarry within 4 years of divorce, men remarrying sooner tahn women, Stepfamilies come in many sizes and forms. marrages don't last becouse adults get married for wrong reasons, financial, rearing children, and reduce loneliness.
|
|
Strategies for remarried adults
|
1) have realistic expectations
2) develop new positive relationships within the family 3) allot time to be alone with each other 4) learn form the first marrage 5) don't expect instant love from stepchildren |
|
Gay and Lesbian Relationships
|
their relationships are very simular to heterosexual relationships.
|
|
The Family life cycle
|
1) leaving home
2) new couple 3) Becoming a Family with Children 4) family with adolescents 5) midlife families 6) families in later life |
|
Leaving Home and becoming a single adult
|
is the first stage in teh family life cycle, and it involves launching, the process in which youth move into adulthood and exit their family of origin.
|
|
Launching
|
The process in which youth moves into adulthood and exit their family of origin
|
|
New Couple
|
forming the new couple is the second stage int eh family life cycle. Two individuals from separate families of origin unite to form a new family system
|
|
Becoming a Family with Children
|
is the third stage in the family life cycle.
adults move up a generation and become caregivers to the younger generation. |
|
Family wiht adolescents
|
increasing flexibility of family boundaries to include children's independence and grandparents fraities
|
|
Midlife families
|
is the 5th stage in teh family life cycle, it is a time of launching children, linking generations, and adapting to midlife changes.
|
|
The family in later life
|
the sixth and final stage in teh family life cycle, involving retirement and in may families grandparenting.
|
|
Strategies for parenting adolescents
|
1) show them warmth and respect, and avoid teh tendency to be too controlling or too permissive
2) demonstrate sustained interest in their lives 3) understand and adapt to their cognitive and socioemotional development 4) communicate expectations for high standards of conduct and achievement 5) display constructive ways of dealing with problems and conflict 6) understant that adolescents don't become adults overnight |
|
Empty nest syndrome
|
a decrease in maritial satification and increase in feeling of emptiness brought about by the children leaving
|
|
Parenting styles
|
1) Authoritarian
2) Authoritative 3) Neglectful 4) Indulgent |
|
Authoritarian Parenting
|
is restrictive, punitive style in which parents exhort the child to follow their directions and respect their efforts. the authoritarian parent places firm limits on the child and allows little verbal exchange.
|
|
Authoritative Parenting
|
encourages children to be independent but still place limits on their actions. Extensive verbal give and take is allowed, and parent are warm and nurturant toward the child.
|
|
Neglectful parenting
|
is a style in which the parent is very uninvolved in the child's life. Children whose parents are neglectful develop the sense that other aspects of the parents' lives are more important than they are.
|
|
Indulgent parenting
|
is a style of parenting in which parents are very involved with their children but place few demands or controls on them. These parents let their children do what they want.
|
|
Strategies for effective parenting
|
1) use authoritative parenting
2) Understand that parenting takes time and effort 3) Be a good manager 4) Don't use physical punishment in disciplining children |
|
Working parents
|
when a child's mother works in the first year of life it can have a negative effect on the child's latter development. There can be positives and negatives to a working mom,
|
|
Children in Divorced Families
|
Most children for divorced families show poorer adjustment, have academic problems, show externalized problem, internalized problem less socially responsible, have less competent intimate relationships, drop out of school, become sexually active at an early age, take drugs, associate with antisocial peers, and to have low self-esteem. However a majority of children in divorced families do not have significant adjustment problems.
|
|
Strategies for communicating with children about divorce
|
1) explain the separation in a sensitive way
2) explain that the separation is not the child's fault 3) Explain that it may take time to feel better 4) keep the door open for futher discussion 5) provide as much continuity as possible 6) provide support for your children |
|
Ethnicity and parenting
|
differ in their typical size, reliance on kinship networks, levels of income and education. large families and extended families are more common amoung minority groups.
|
|
Child Abuse types
|
1) physical abuse
2) child neglect 3) sexual abuse 4) emotional abuse |
|
Child abuse- physical abuse
|
is infliction of physical injury as result of punching, beating, kicking, biting, burning, shaking, or otherwise harming a child
|
|
Child abuse- Child neglect
what are the types of netlect |
failure to provide for the child's basic needs.
1) physical neglect 2) educational neglect 3) emotional neglect |
|
Physical neglect-child abuse
|
refusing or delaying health care, abandonment, expulsion form the home or refusal to allow a runaway to return home and inadequate supervision
|
|
Educational neglect-child abuse
|
involves allowing chronic truancy, failing to enroll a child of mandatory school age in school, and failing to attend to a special education need
|
|
Emotional neglect-child abuse
|
includes such actions as marked inattention to the child's needs for affection, failure to provide necessary psychological care, spouse abuse in the child's presence, allowing the child to drink alcohol or use other drugs.
|
|
Sexual abuse- child abuse
|
fondling a child's genitanls, intercourse, incest, rape, sodomy, exhibitionism, and commercial exploitation through prostitution or the production of pornographic materials.
|
|
Emotional abuse-child abuse
|
(including psychological or verbal or mental injury) acts or omissions by parents or other caregivers that have cause, or could cause, serious behavioral, cognitive, or emotional problems. unusual types of punishments, belittling, and rejection of the child.
|
|
Consequences of abuse
|
Consequences of child maltreatment are wide ranging, including problems in emotion regulation, in attachment, peer relations, and in school as well as other psychological problems.
|
|
Adult Lifestyles
|
1) Diversity of adult lifestyles
2) The family life cycle 3) parenting |