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81 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Mythology |
An attempt to make sense of the world through stories |
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Religion |
An attempt to make sense of the world through revelation |
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Philosophy |
An attempt to make sense of the world using reason. Greek from "philia", meaning love, and "sophia", meaning wisdom |
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Metaphysics |
The study of ultimate reality; "What is there? What does/doesn't exist?" |
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Epistemology |
The study of knowledge; "What can I know?" |
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Skeptics |
Those who deny the possibility of truly knowing some answers |
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Ethics |
Concerned with clarifying how people should act |
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Aesthetics |
The study of art and beauty |
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Logic |
The basis of all philisophical arguments. Clarifies the distinction between good and bad arguments. |
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Contradiction |
A sentence that both denies and asserts something is the case |
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Logically Consistent |
If and only if it is possible all claims in a set are true at the same time. Premises that do not contradict one another. |
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Logically Inconsistent |
If and only if it is impossible that all claims in a set are true at the same time. Contradictory premises. |
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Causal Possibility |
When a state of affairs does not contradict the laws of nature and physics |
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Logical Possibility |
When a set of premises do not contradict one another and are possible either in this world, or in another without this world's laws |
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Epistemic Possibility |
When something is possible for all we know |
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Necessary and Sufficient conditions/definition |
The complete set of qualities and definitions used to describe the essence of something "A mother is a female parent." 'Female' and 'parent' are necessary, both together are sufficient. |
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Validity |
When all statements, premises and conclusion, are not contradictory. Truth preserving. |
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Sound |
A valid argument of true statements |
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Conclusion |
The claim of an argument |
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Premises |
The reasons offered in support of the conclusion of an argument |
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Standard Form |
Lists all the premises in numbered, sequential order, then adds the conclusion at the end. 1. Premise 2. Premise 3. Conclusion |
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Deductive Argument |
Offers conclusive support of the conclusion. If the premises are true, the conclusion MUST be true. |
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Modus Ponens |
"Affirming the antecedent (premises, come before)", "Mode of proposing" 1. If P, then Q 2. P 3. Therefore: Q |
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Modus Tonens |
"Denying the consquent (follows the proposition)", "Mode of denying/taking from the truth" 1. If P, then Q 2. Not Q 3. Therefore: Not P |
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Disjunctive Syllogism |
1. P or Q 2. Not P 3. Therefore: Q |
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Hypothetical Syllogism |
1. If P, then Q 2. If Q, then R 3. If P, then R |
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(Constructive) Dilema |
1. P or Q 2. P then R 3. Q then S 4. Therefore: R or S |
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Inductive Argument |
Provides 'enough' support for the conclusion. Is likely true. |
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Enumerative Inductive Argument |
1. All observed P are F. 2. Therefore: All P are F |
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Argument by Analogy
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1. F is like P. 2. P has property A. 3. Therefore: F has property A |
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Inference to the best explanation Abductive argument |
1. P 2. The best explanation for P is A 3. Therefore: A |
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Ockham's Razor |
Explanation A is better than explanation B if (all other things being equal) explanation A is simpler than explanation B. |
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Principle of Conservatism |
Explanation A is better than explanation B if (all other things being equal) explanation A fits together better with the rest of my beliefs about the world. |
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Strong Inductive Argument |
If it is very likely that the conclusion is true if the premises are true |
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Cogent Inductive Argument |
Strong and all premises are true |
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Ambiguous |
Can be understood in two distinct ways |
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Vague |
It may be uncertain whether it applies in a given case. |
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Fallacy |
A faulty argument. An argument psychologically persuasive, but logically flawed. |
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Mutually Exclusive |
If one thing, it cannot be another |
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Knowledge |
Justifiable, true belief |
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Proposition/Claim |
Can be true or false Must be argued/supported/proven/disproven |
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Incompatibilism |
Free will cano nly exist is determinism is false. Determinism or free will, no inbetween. |
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Libertarianism |
Future is not determined by the past, but by the will of free agents with free will. Subset of incompatibilism. |
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Indeterminism |
Not all events are causally determined by events in the past; the past has only limited influence on the future. Subset of incompatibilism. |
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Hard Determinism |
The future is causally determined by the past. There is no free will. Subset of incompatibilism. |
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Compatibilism |
Free will and determinism are not mutually exclusive. |
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Traditional Compataibilism |
We are free as long as we can do what we want to without outside influences stopping us. |
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Deep Self-Compatibilism |
We are free so long as we do what we, in our innermost self, desire to do, free of constraints either physical or emotional/mental. |
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Principle of Sufficient Reason |
Anything that happens does so for a definite reason. |
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Consequence Argument |
Determinism is not compatible with the idea of moral responsibility. |
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Qualitative Identity |
Two things are identitcal if they look the same/have the same properties. |
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Numerical Identity |
When two things are the same if and only if they are one and the same. |
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Illusion Theory |
No persistent self; self is an illusion. Self constantly changes and becomes new. |
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Body Theory/Animalism |
The self is the same so long as it remains physically the same. |
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Soul Thoery |
The self is the same so long as the soul remains the same. |
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Memory Theory |
The self is the same so long as later self shares memories with former self. |
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Physicalism |
The theory that mental states are more substantial than mental states; the mind does not exist, just the brain. |
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Dualism |
Mental and physical states are equally real, are ontologically independent of one another. |
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Idealism |
Mental states are more fundamental than physical states; the mind exists, but the physical world doesn't. |
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Ontological Dependence |
One thing cannot exist before/without the former. Mark Twain could not exist without Samuel Clemens, since Clemens 'invented' Twain. |
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Conceivability Argument |
Argument in favor of dualism, claiming that the fact one can imagine being without a body but not without a mind/self, the two are different substances. |
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Leibniz's Law |
A and B are identical to each other only if they have all properties in common. |
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Parallelism |
Minds and bodies exist in parallel worlds and thus never interact. |
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Occasionalism |
Theory that God intervenes, 'syncing' the behaviors of the body with reactions of the mind and vice versa. |
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Behaviorism |
Type of physicalism; Mental states are dispositions to behave. |
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Identity Theory |
Type of physicalism; Mental states are brain states. Mind and brain are the same thing. |
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Functionalism |
Type of physicalism; mental states are functional states that causally relate to inner states with behavioral effects. Anything with the right 'equipment' can play the role of the mind/brain. |
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Classical Theism |
Embraced by Judaism, Christianity, and Islam. One God who is the Creator of the universe, who is all-knowing, -powerful, and -present. |
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Pantheism |
God is everywhere; nature and God are one. |
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Theism |
There are good reasons for thinking that there exists a supreme being. |
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Atheism |
There are good reasons for thinking that there exists no supreme being. |
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Agnosticism |
There is not enough proof one way or another. |
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Ethical Relativism |
There are no objective moral values. |
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Ethical Subjectivism |
Morality depends upon the individual. |
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Cultural Relativism |
Morality depends upon the culture. |
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Ethical Objectivism |
There are overall moral laws that apply to all, regardless of culture or individual preference. |
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Divine Command Theory |
Morality depends upon the say-so of God. God does not choose morality, but God's choices are moral, and thus following His commands is moral. |
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Utilitarianism |
An action is moral if it maximizes the overall well-being and happiness of the greatest number of people. |
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Deontology |
An action is moral if the motive is such that every rational agent could have acted on the motive as well. Intent matters. |
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Virtue Ethics |
An action is moral if an agents who as all the virtues would have performed the action. Doing the right thing, for the right reason, in the right way. |
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Hedonists |
Those who beleive that happiness is a result of how much pleasure and pain one experiences. |