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10 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Arguments
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a series of statements, the last of which (the conclusion) supposedly follows from the preceding statements (the premises)
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Validity
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an argument is valid if its conclusion must be true if all of its premises are true.
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Soundness
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an argument is sound if it is valid and has all true premises
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Fallacies
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error of reason; denying the antecedent.
ex. : "If Julie is made of wood, then she weighs less than a duck. It's not the case that she is made of wood. Therefore, it is not the case that she weighs less than a duck." |
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Steps in extracting an argument
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1. Find the conclusion
-deflate- put in clear literal words. 2. Find the main premise -deflate 3. Fill in the remaining premises -try to make it valid |
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Logical Form: Modus Ponens
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1. P
2. If P, then Q 3. Therefore, Q |
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Logical Form: Modus Tollens
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1. If P, then Q
2. Not Q 3. Therefore, not P |
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Possibility
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What's possible is limited by logic, math, and what's conceptually coherent.
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Qualitative Identity
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X and Y are qualitatively identical: they share the same properties or qualities.
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Numerical Identity
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X and Y are numerically identical: they are the same object
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