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90 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
bandura
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observational learning; bobo doll study
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skinner
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operant conditioning; worked with rats
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pavlov
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classical conditioning; worked with dogs
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classical conditioning
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using an unconditioned stimulus , unconditioned response, conditioned stimulus, and conditioned response to teach something
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generalization
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the CR 'spreads' to similar stimuli; EX different bells like at the school where the dog study was held
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discrimination
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the CR is restricted to certain stimuli
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acquisition
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form a new CR
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extinction
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bannish CR
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spontaneous recovery
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CR spontaniously returns after extinction and non exposure
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higher-order conditioning
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when a neutral stimulus triggers a conditioned response
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continuous reinforcement schedule
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reward or punishment after every time
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operant conditioning
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learning by reward or punishment
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primary reinforcement
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comfortable temp, food, attention, etc
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secondary reinforcement
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a college degree, money, etc
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shaping
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reward small approximations of a behavior; ex reward mouse when getting closer to lever
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positive and negative reinforcement
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positive means adding or giving; negative means removing or taking away; NOT emotionally + or -
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intermittent reinforcement schedule
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not giving reinforcement every time task is completed; better method because will only work for reward
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criteria for observational learning
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attention, retention, reproduction, motivation
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continuous reinforcement schedule
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reward or punishment after every time
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operant conditioning
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learning by reward or punishment
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skinner box
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box that skinner studied rats in
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delayed reinforcement
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delayed punishment or reward
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primary reinforcement
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comfortable temp, food, attention, etc
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secondary reinforcement
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a college degree, money, etc
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shaping
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reward small approximations of a behavior; ex reward mouse when getting closer to lever
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positive and negative reinforcement
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positive means adding or giving; negative means removing or taking away; NOT emotionally + or -
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intermittent reinforcement schedule
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not giving reinforcement every time task is completed; better method because will only work for reward
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criteria for observational learning
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attention, retention, reproduction, motivation
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instinctive drift
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when instinctual responses slowly over power the trained response; EX dog shaking head when killing prey
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conditioned taste aversion
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when a person gets a taste in their mouth connecting an experience with the taste; IE too much mild duds made yack so now get nasty taste
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personal relevance in memory
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semantic; highest form of processing; making something connect with a personal experience etc
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three kinds of processing
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encoding, storage, retrieval
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schemas
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generic concept of something; EX said words that related to sleep, but sleep was not actually said; EX people in movie going in and out of restaurant we assumed paid
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serial effects
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recency and primacy effects make remember words in begining of list and end
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sensory memory
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couple seconds of memory right after heard, felt, etc
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short term memory
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• working memory: limited, magic 7 (people generally limited to 7 pieces of memory at a time), 20 seconds
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long term memory
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• long term memory: unlimited in space (might not be able to retrieve it, but the memory is still there)
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retro amnesia
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losing memories after a traumatic experience
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anterograde amnesia
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cant remember events AFTER an accident/trauma
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implicit memory
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previous experiences aid in the performance of a task without conscious awareness of these previous experiences; procedural memory is this
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explicit memory
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conscious, intentional recollection of previous experiences and information; EX used to remember an appt
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declarative memory
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stores facts; 'textbook learning'; more subject to forgetting; methods: spaced repetition, mnemonic and active recall
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procedural memory
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unconsciously remembering the order of which a task was completed
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semantic memory
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thinking of what something means; highest form of processing;
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episodic memory
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personal experiences that we can recall that connect the new thing learned
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absent mindedness; transience; blocking; misattribution; suggestibility; bias;
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break in working memory, EX in room forget y; info fades after non use; trying to remember how song goes while listening to another song; when we confuse how we acquired the info; false memories; opinions create what we expect to see
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functional fixedness
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bias that stops a person from using something the way it is traditionally used
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irrelevant information
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often throw you off because you are over thinking the irrelevant info; scisors matchbook cotton example
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mental set
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using a way that worked before even though there may be an easier way
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unnecessary constraints
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the box around the 6 circles; could go over the lines
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6 approaches to problem solving
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trial and error; heuristics - 'rules of thumb'; forming subgroups - breaking down into small problems; working backwards; search for analogies; change the representation
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risky decision making factors
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objective value (what condo will actually cost)
subjective utility (cost/benefits of buying condo subjective probabilities (probabilities that you go through while thinking about buying the condo) |
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availability bias
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tend to estimate probability of the event by the ease at which is comes to mind
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representativeness bias
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coin toss example: always 50% chance
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ignoring base rates
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salesperson/librarian example: so many more salespeople than librarians no matter what the person is described as
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the conjunction fallacy
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teacher/teacher-politician example
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the gambler's fallacy
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roulette table example: the chance is 50% every time no matter how many times in a row one color is hit
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ignoring sample size
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the more there are in a sample, the better the data.
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whorf
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linguist relativity; noticed that in some languages they have words scripted that other languages dont have words for; snow example
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skinner and language
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acquired language through imitation and reinforcement; ex: baby gets rewarded for saying mommy for 1st time
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chomski
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nativists; innate language acquisition device; we create original sentences when we speak, so it cant just be immitation; over regulizations - ex: how kids speak more proper before going to school than when they start learning all the rules and exceptions
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criteria for language
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symbol - has to have symbols that have meaning; structure - laws of how to arrange words; infinitely generative - no limit that you can create and combine
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phonemes
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smallest unit of sound; ex: buh-oy-z has 3
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morphomes
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smallest unit of meaning; EX: 2 in boy - a young male and then plural
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syntax
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structure of language; ex: the boy cried. 3 words, 5 morphemes, 9 phonemes
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vocabulary spurt
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average is 18 months; can take between 12-20 months
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babbling
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babbling - making all the random sounds, but phonemes guide what they babble; practice of cheek muscles necessary to talk
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holophrases
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expressing a phrase with one sincle word; ex: baby saying up to someone to pick them up
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telegraphic speech
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ussually just nouns and verbs to signify the whole sentence; ex: doggy eat
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whole sentences
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full sentence; ex: the doggy is eating
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metaliguistic awareness
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awareness of the use of words; you can reflect on how the language is used; understand a pun
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three theories of language acquisition
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behaviorists (skinner); naticists (chomski); interactionists; linguistic relativity (whorf)
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linguistic relativity
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whorf; languages create words that are necesary for them relative to their situation; ex: alaskans have over 100 words for snow
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can animals think?
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classical conditioning - dog to cabinet for treat; operant cond - reward/punish; observational learning; rudimentary counting - concept of more; limited insight - figure out way to do something - bugs w/ stick
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do animals exhibit language?
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communicate: yes; language: no; symbolic: yes; infinitely generative: no; structured: no
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hobson & mccarley
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activation synthesis - neurons randomly fired during sleep; creates dreams
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biorhythms & sleep
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mean - 25 hr circadian rhythm
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resetting bio clock
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melatonin resets bioclock
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EEG
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machine that measures brain activity; electroencephalograph;
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sleep cycles
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awake; drowsy; stage 1; stage 2; stage 3&4; REM
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3 functions of sleep
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protective; restorative; growth
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sleep disorders
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insomnia;narcolepsy; sleep apnea - intermittent stopping of breathing, followed by gasping
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features of dreams
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story like; day residue; mostly mundane - adventure, horror, romantic;
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3 theories of dreaming
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wish fulfillment (freud);info processing; activation synthesis
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awake
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beta brain waves (low volts, high freq)
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drowsy
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alpha waves start to dominate
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stage 1
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theta waves; only a few minutes; fantastic images
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stage 2
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sleep spindles - sudden burst of activity in EEG, mixed waves; 20 mins, mixture of theta and delta
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stage 3&4
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delta (high volt, low freq) 30 min; sleep walking
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REM
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most dreaming (low volt, high freq
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