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51 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
personality trait
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an individual’s unique collection of consistent behavioral traits
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consistency
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the stability in a person’s behavior over time and across situations
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Distinctiveness
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behavioral differences among people reacting to the same situation
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Conscious
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consists of whatever one is aware of at a particular point in time
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Preconscious
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contains material just beneath the surface of awareness that can easily be retrieved
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Unconscious
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contains thoughts, memories, and desires that are well below the surface of conscious awareness but that nonetheless exert great influence on behavior
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Id
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(governed by the “pleasure principle”): primitive, instinctive component of personality that operates according to the pleasure principle (demands immediate gratification of its urges)
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Ego
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(governed by the “reality principle”): decision-making component of personality that operates according to the reality principle (seeks to delay gratification of the ids urges until appropriate outlets and situation can be found)
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Superego
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(governed by the “moral principle”): moral component of personality that incorporates social standards about what represents right and wrong
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Libidinal energy
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psychic energy produced by the libido
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erogenous zones
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area of the human body that has heightened sensitivity, the stimulation of which would normally result in sexual arousal
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Role of fixation
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involves a failure to move forward from one stage to another as expected
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Oral
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first year of life; source of stimulation is mouth (biting, sucking, chewing); weaning from bottle or nipple; obsessive eating or smoking
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Anal
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second year; pleasure from bowel movements (expulsion or retention of feces); potty training; fixation: hatred of women or sexual anxiety later in life
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Phallic
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3rd to 5th year; genitals become focus for erotic energy; boys like moms; girls like dads; penis envy
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Oedipal complex
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male's psycho-sexual development involves a sexual attachment to his mother
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Electra complex
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female's psycho-sexual development involves a sexual attachment to her father
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Latency
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5th year to puberty; sexuality is largely suppressed; expanding social contacts beyond immediate family
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Genital
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puberty onward; sexual urges reappear and focus on genitals; channeled toward peers of other sex
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Regression
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reversion to immature patterns of behavior (i.e. boasting, bragging)
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Denial
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faced with a fact that is too uncomfortable to accept and rejects it instead, insisting that it is not true despite what may be overwhelming evidence
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Repression
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keeping distressing thoughts and feelings buried in the unconscious
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Reaction Formation
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behaving in a way that’s exactly the opposite of one’s true feelings
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Projection
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attributing one’s own thoughts, feelings, or motives to another
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Displacement
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diverting emotional feelings (usually anger) from their original source to a substitute target
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Sublimation
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transformation of unwanted impulses into something less harmful
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Striving for superiority
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(Adler) universal drive to adapt, improve oneself, and master life’s challenges; prime goal of life not physical gratification (Freud)
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Inferiority complex
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(Adler) exaggerated feelings of weakness and inadequacy (harmful compensation: involves efforts to overcome imagined or real inferiorities by developing one’s abilities)
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Personal unconsciousness
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(Jung) 1st layer of unconscious; same as Freud’s version of unconscious; material not within one’s conscious awareness
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Collective unconsciousness
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(Jung) deeper layer of unconscious; storehouse of latent memory traces inherited from people’s ancestral past; shared with entire human race
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Archetypes
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(Jung) emotionally charged images and thought forms that have universal meaning
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Factor analysis
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correlations among many variables are analyzed to identify closely related clusters of variables; single factors are responsible for correlating traits
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Emotional Stability (Neuroticism)
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anxious, hostile, self-conscious, insecure, and vulnerable
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Extraversion
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outgoing, sociable, upbeat, friendly, assertive, and gregarious
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Openness to experience
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curiosity, flexibility, vivid fantasy, imaginativeness, artistic sensitivity, and unconventional attitudes
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Agreeableness
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sympathetic, trusting, cooperative, modest, and straightforward
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Conscientiousness
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diligent, disciplined, well-organized, punctual and dependable
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Behavioral approach (Skinner)
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based on premise that scientific psychology should study only observable behavior
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Deterministic
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behavior is fully determined by environmental stimuli
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Response tendencies
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personality is made up of these which are tied to stimulus situations
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Cognitive-Behavioral/Social cognitive approach (Bandura)
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Personality is largely shaped through learning
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Self-efficacy
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one’s belief about one’s ability to perform behaviors that should lead to expected outcomes
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Mischel’s person-situation theory
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people will behave differently in different situations
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Self-actualization (Maslow)
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need to fulfill one’s potential (highest need in hierarchy); people with exceptionally healthy personalties, marked by continued personal growth
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The role of the self-concept
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collection of beliefs about one’s own nature, unique qualities and typical behavior
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Conditions of worth (incongruence)
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degree of disparity between one’s self-concept and one’s actual experience
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Hierarchy of needs
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systematic arrangement of needs, according to priority, in which basic needs must be met before less basic needs are aroused
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Extraversion – introversion
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(Eysenck and Eysenck) introverts tend to have high levels of physiological arousal, which make them more easily conditioned than extraverts; people who condition easily acquire more conditioned inhibitions than others; social discomfort
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The role of family environment
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shared family environment appears to have remarkably little impact on personality
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Independent self
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(American/Western) define oneself in terms of personal attributes, abilities, accomplishments and possessions
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Interdependent self
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(Asian/Eastern) emphasizes the fundamental connectedness of people to each other; rely on family and friends, should be modest about personal accomplishments so they don’t diminish others’ achievements; should view themselves as part of a larger social matrix; encouraged to fit in and avoid standing out from the crowd; define themselves by the groups they belong to; self worth is measured by group achievements and harmonious relations with others
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