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60 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
3 things for hypertrophy to happen |
1.Gene activation 2.Protein synthesis 3.Production of organelles |
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Physiological hyperplasia and hypertrophy |
Uterus during pregnancy |
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Only hypertrophy |
1.Neurons 2.Cardiac myocytes 3.Skeletal muscle |
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Pathological hyperplasia |
Endometrial hyperplasia |
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Exception for pathological hyperplasia developing into dysplasia and cancer |
BPH |
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Decrease in cell number occurs via |
Apoptosis |
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Decrease in cell size occurs via |
1.Ubiquitin-proteosome degradation pathway 2.Autophagy |
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Barrett oesophagus |
Metaplasia |
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Change occurring in Barrett |
Squamous epi to columnar nonciliated mucinous epi |
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Mech for metaplasia |
Reprogramming of stem cells |
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Exception for progression of metaplasia to dysplasia and cancer |
Apocrine metaplasia of breasts |
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Metaplasia due to vit A def |
Keratomalacia |
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Leukemia due to changes in retinoid receptors |
Acute promyelocytic leukemia |
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Rx for APL |
Al trans retinoic acid |
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Mesenchymal tissue metaplasia eg |
Myositis ossificans |
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Eg for dysplasia |
CIN |
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Hypoplasia in Turner |
Streak ovary |
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Causes of hypoxia (3) |
1.Ischemia 2.Hypoxemia 3.Decreased O2 carrying capacity of blood |
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Budd Chiari |
Thrombosis of hepatic vein |
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Most common cause of Budd chiari |
Polycythemia vera |
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Another cause of budd chiari |
Lupus (due to Lupus anticoagulant) |
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Partial pressure of O2 for Hypoxemia |
PaO2 < 60 mm Hg; SaO2 < 90% |
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PaO2-N ; SaO2-N |
Anemia |
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PaO2-N ; SaO2 - Decreased (2) |
1.CO Poisoning 2.Methemoglobinemia |
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Common causes of CO poisoning |
Smoke from fires; exhaust from cars and gas heaters |
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Cherry red skin |
CO Poisoning |
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Early sign of CO poisoning |
Headache |
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Form of iron which binds with O2 |
Fe2+ |
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Iron in methemoglobinemia |
Fe3+ |
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Drugs causing methemoglobinemia (2) |
1.sulfa drugs 2.nitrate drugs |
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Cyanotic with chocolate coloured blood |
Methemeglobinemia |
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Rx of methemoglobinemia |
IV Methylene blue |
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Initial phase of hypoxic injury |
Cellular swelling |
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Irreversible damage in hypoxic injury-hallmark? |
Membrane damage |
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Whr is ETC (electron transport chain)? |
Inner mitochondrial membrane |
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Morphologic hallmark of cell death |
Loss of nucleus |
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Pyknosis |
Shrinking of nucleus |
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Karyorrhexis |
Breaking up of nucleus |
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Coag necrosis eg. |
Ischemic infarction exc in brain |
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Red infarction arises when... |
Blood re-enters into loosely organized tissue |
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Liquefactive necrosis eg. (3) |
1.brain infarction 2.abscess 3.pancreatitis |
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Gangrenous necrosis eg. |
1.ischemia of lower limb 2.Ischemia of GI tract |
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Dry gangrene with superimposed inf |
Wet gangrene |
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Caseous necrosis..appearance |
Cottage cheese like |
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Caseous necrosis is a combo of |
Coagulative and liquefactive necrosis |
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Eg of caseous nec |
Granulomatous inflammation due to TB or fungal inf |
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Fat nec appearance.. |
Chalky white |
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Fat necrosis eg. (2) |
1.trauma to fat (eg.breast) 2.peripancreatic fat |
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Eg of dystrophic calcification (2) |
1.Saponification 2.psammoma bodies |
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Psammoma bodies seen in (3) |
1.pap ca of thyroid 2.meningiomas 3.pap serous ca of ovary |
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Fibrinoid necrosis occurs to.. |
Blood vessel wall |
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Fibrinoid necrosis on histology |
Bright pink staining |
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Fibrinoid nec is seen in (2) (eg.) |
1.malignant htn 2.vasculitis |
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Fibrinoid nec in a 30s female |
Pre-eclampsia (nec of placenta) |
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Eg of apoptosis (3) |
1.endometrial shedding during menstrual cycle 2.removal of cells during embryogenesis 3.CD8 mediated killing of virally inf cells |
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Apoptosis is mediated by C... |
Caspases |
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Caspases activate.. (2) |
1.Proteases 2.endonucleases |
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3 pathways for activation of caspases |
1.Intrinsic mitochondrial pathway (cytC) 2.Extrinsic receptor(CD95)-ligand(FAS) pathway 3.cytotoxic CD8+ T-cell pathway |
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Molecule stabilising mitochondrial membrane |
Bcl2 |
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Molecules involved in t cell mediated apoptosis (2) |
1.perforins 2.granzymes |