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57 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
When assigning priority groups, double bonds count as |
two bonds to that atom |
|
When assigning priority groups, triple bonds count as |
three bonds to that atom |
|
counterclockwise twise/rotate of light waves |
levorotatory - |
|
clockwise twise/rotate of light waves |
dextrorotatory + |
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Alkyl Halide |
Halogen is directly boded to sp3 carbon |
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aryl halide |
halogen is bonded to sp2 carbon on benzene ring |
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vinyl halide |
halogen is bonded to sp2 carbon of alkene |
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Few common names for the simple one carbon halides |
Methylene halide haloform carbon tetrahalide |
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IUPAC nonmenclature |
haloalkane (halo-floro,chloro,bromo, iodo- group) |
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Halogens are ____ electronegative than carbon |
more |
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Carbon to halogen bond is |
Polar carbon has partial positive charge |
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Carbon can be attacked by a _____ |
nuceleophile |
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Halogen can _____ with the electron pair |
leave |
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Use NBS as a source of ____ |
bromine |
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SN2 |
Substitution-Nucelophilic- Second Order |
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SN@2: Nucleophile must come in from the ____ side of the carbon and _____ |
back; knock out the other atom |
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SN2: the stronger the nucleophile |
the faster the reaction |
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SN2: charged artoms are ___ than neutral of that same atom |
stronger |
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SN2: nucleophilicity _____ as you go from left to right on the periodic table |
decreases |
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SN2: nucelophilicity ____ as you go down the periodic table |
increases less tightly held |
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SN2: Polar-____ solvents slow down the nucelophile |
protic |
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SN2: smaller nucleophile are affected _____ than larger nucleophiles |
more |
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Polar-protic solvents |
hydrogen bonding |
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SN2: bulky nucelophiles are ____ to react |
slower |
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SN2: good leaving groups need to be stable as they are "kicked out"; in general, good leaving groups are also ___ bases and ___ molecules |
weak bases neutral molecules |
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SN2: ____ carbon is preferred |
primary |
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SN1:____ carbon is preferred |
tertiary |
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SN1 |
substitution- nucleophile- first order |
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SN1: slow step of teh reaction is the _____ |
formation of the carbocation |
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SN1: the speed of reaction is realted to the structure of the ____ |
resulting carbocation |
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SN1: need a very ____ solvent to solvate the ions |
polar |
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SN1: in general polar-____ solvents have the highest ability to solvate (stabilize) ions |
protic |
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SN1: order of the stability for carbocations |
tertiary > secondary > primary |
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fastest reactions |
acid-base internal |
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E1 |
Elimination- first order |
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E1: as a general rule, the ___ substituted double bond, the more stable the double bond |
more |
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E1: does not involve alkyl halides but does involve elimination |
dehydrateion of an alcohol with strong acid |
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E2 |
Elimination- Second order |
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E2: ___ of molecule when it reacts is very important |
shape |
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E2: the base comes in to the molecule, it hits a proton that is ______ to the bromine. as the proton is removed, electron density builds-up and starts to fill the antibonding orbital, which pushes out the bromine |
anti-coplanar |
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Primary halides gives ___ major product |
SN2 |
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Tertiary halides gives ___ major product |
E2 |
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Secondary halides give a mixture of ____ and ____ with usually more ____ |
SN2 and E2 E2 |
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another E2 reaction involves |
dehalogenation of vicinal dihalides with potassium iodide (anti-coplanar elimination) |
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crown ethers |
much better nucleophile than a poor |
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in general, increasing temperature ___ the amount of Elimination products formed |
increases |
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geminal dihalide |
2 halogen atoms bonded to teh same carbon atom |
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vicinal dihalide |
2 halogen atoms bonded to adjacent carbon atoms |
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allylic position |
a carbon atom next to a carbon to carbon double bond |
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nucleophile |
donor of an electron pair |
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substrate |
compound that is attacked by the reagent |
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protic solvent |
contians acidic protons |
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aprotic solvents |
enchance the nucleophilicity of anions no hydrogen bonds to be broken |
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steric hindrance |
bulky groups interfere with a reaction by virtue of thier size |
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zaitsec rule |
the most highly substituted product |
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need to use a ___ base to eliminate to the least substitudted alkene |
bulky |
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___ base will wliminate to the more substituted alkene |
small |