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16 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Hydrocarbons
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Only contain hydrogens and carbons
-Saturated hydrocarbons have carbon-carbon single bonds -Unsaturated hydrocarbons have carbon-carbon double or triple bonds |
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Classification of Carbon Atoms
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-0o carbon is attached to 0 carbons
-1o carbon is attached to 1 carbon -2o carbon is attached to 2 carbons -3o carbon is attached to 3 carbons -4o carbon is attached to 4 carbons |
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Classification of Hydrogen Atoms
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-0o hydrogen is attached to 0o carbon
-1o hydrogen is attached to 1o carbon -2o hydrogen is attached to 2o carbon -3o hydrogen is attached to 3o carbon |
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Nomenclature of Alkanes -- IUPAC
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-The longest continuous carbon chain is the parent compound.
-Number from whichever end that gives the lowest possible combination of numbers for the substituents. -Give the position of each group by number. -Use di-, tri-, tetra-, penta-, etc for identical groups. |
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IUPAC –
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International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry
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Nomenclature of Alkanes -- Common
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--n- straight chain with group on end
--sec- group on secondary carbon --tert- group on tertiary carbon --iso- two CH3s on CH with group on other end --neo- one carbon with four carbons around it |
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Nomenclature of Alkyl Halides -- IUPAC
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-The longest continuous carbon chain is the parent compound.
-Number from whichever end that gives the lowest possible combination of numbers for the substituents. -Give the position of each group by number. -Alkyl and halogens have the same priority – use bromo, chloro, iodo, or fluoro. |
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Nomenclature of Alkyl Halides -- Common
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-Use common prefixes, if applicable.
-Name as alkyl halide (bromide, chloride, iodide, fluoride). |
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Physical Properties and Uses of Alkanes
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-Alkanes are nonpolar.
-Alkanes are hydrophobic – do not dissolve in water. -Alkanes are less dense than water. -Boiling points increase with increasing molecular weight, and decrease with branching. -Melting points increase with increasing molecular weight, and decrease with branching. |
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Reactions of Alkanes
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-Combustion - an alkane reacts with oxygen to form carbon dioxide and water
- Cracking- A large alkane is broken into alkanes with hydrogen, heat, and a catalyst. A large alkene in broken into alkanes and alkenes with heat and a catalyst. |
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Conformations =
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different arrangements of molecules formed by rotation about a single bond
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Nomenclature of Cycloalkanes
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-The ring is the parent compound, unless the acyclic portion is larger.
-Number substituents so that the lowest combination of numbers are used for the substituents. -Use cis and trans, if applicable. Only two groups can be attached to the ring to be able to use cis and trans. - cis – two identical groups on same side - trans – two identical groups on opposite side |
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Fused
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– two adjacent carbons are shared
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Bridged
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– two non adjacent carbons are shared
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Spirocyclic
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– one carbon is shared
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Nomenclature of Bicyclic Structures
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-The parent name contains all carbons in the ring.
-Use “bicyclo” for fused and bridgehead, use “spiro” for spirocyclic -Brackets list numbers, in decreasing order, of number of carbons between bridgehead carbons. |