Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
41 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
3' UTR
|
3' untranslated region; region just downstream of the protein-coding region in an RNA molecule that is not translated |
|
5' cap
|
a methylated guanosine triphosphate (GTP) molecule that is attached to the 5' end of a messenger RNA to protect the end from degradation |
|
5' UTR
|
5' untranslated region; region just upstream of the protein-coding region in an RNA molecule that is not translated |
|
activator
|
protein that binds to prokaryotic operators to increase transcription |
|
catabolite activator protein
|
protein that complexes with cAMP to bind to the promoter sequences of operons that control sugar processing when glucose is not available, also known as CAP |
|
cis-acting element
|
transcription factor binding sites within the promoter that regulate the transcription of a gene adjacent to it |
|
dicer
|
enzyme that chops the pre-miRNA into the mature form of the miRNA |
|
DNA methylation
|
epigenetic modification that leads to gene silencing; commonly found in cancer cells |
|
enhancer
|
segment of DNA that is upstream, downstream, perhaps thousands of nucleotides away,or on another chromosome that influence the transcription of a specific gene |
|
epigenetic
|
heritable changes that do not involve changes in the DNA sequence |
|
eukaryotic initiation factor-2
|
protein that binds first to an mRNA to initiate translation, also known as eIF-2 |
|
gene expression
|
processes that control the turning on or turning off of a gene |
|
guanine diphosphate
|
molecule that is left after the energy is used to start translation, also known as GDP |
|
guanine triphosphate
|
energy-providing molecule that binds to eIF-2 and is needed for translation, also known as GTP |
|
histone acetylation
|
epigenetic modification that leads to gene silencing; commonly found in cancer cells found in cancer cells |
|
inducible operon
|
operon that can be activated or repressed depending on cellular needs and the surrounding environment |
|
initiation complex
|
protein complex containing eIF2-2 that starts translation |
|
lac operon
|
operon in prokaryotic cells that encodes genes required for processing and intake of lactose |
|
large 60S ribosomal subunit
|
second, larger ribosomal subunit that binds to the RNA to translate it into protein |
|
microRNA
|
small RNA molecules (approximately 21 nucleotides in length) that bind to RNA molecules to degrade them, also known as miRNA |
|
myc
|
oncogene that causes cancer in many cancer cells |
|
negative regulator
|
protein that prevents transcription |
|
operator
|
region of DNA outside of the promoter region that binds activators or repressors that control gene expression in prokaryotic cells |
|
operon
|
collection of genes involved in a pathway that are transcribed together as a single mRNA in prokaryotic cells |
|
poly-A tail
|
a series of adenine nucleotides that are attached to the 3' end of an mRNA to protect the end from degradation |
|
positive regulator
|
protein that increases transcription |
|
post-transcriptional
|
control of gene expression after the RNA molecule has been created but before it is translated into protein |
|
post-translational
|
control of gene expression after a protein has been created |
|
proteasome
|
organelle that degrades proteins |
|
repressor
|
protein that binds to the operator of prokaryotic genes to prevent transcription |
|
RISC
|
protein complex that binds along with the miRNA to the RNA to degrade it |
|
RNA stability
|
how long an RNA molecule will remain intact in the cytoplasm |
|
RNA-binding protein
|
protein that binds to the 3' or 5' UTR to increase or decrease the RNA stability (RBP) |
|
small 40S ribosomal subunit
|
ribosomal subunit that binds to the RNA to translate it into protein trans-acting element transcription factor binding site found outside the promoter or on another |
|
|
chromosome that influences the transcription of a particular gene |
|
transcription factor
|
protein that binds to the DNA at the promoter or enhancer region and that influences transcription of a gene |
|
transcription factor binding site
|
sequence of DNA to which a transcription factor binds |
|
transcriptional start site
|
site at which transcription begins |
|
trp operon
|
series of genes necessary to synthesize tryptophan in prokaryotic cells |
|
tryptophan
|
amino acid that can be synthesized by prokaryotic cells when necessary |
|
untranslated region
|
segment of the RNA molecule that are not translated into protein. These regions lie before (upstream or 5') and after (downstream or 3') the protein-coding region |