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28 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
pKa |
alkane: 50, alkene: 42, alkyne: 24, ammonia: 38, ROH: 18, H2O: 16, carboxylic acid: 5, HCl: -7 |
|
alcohol |
R-OH |
|
ether |
R-O-R |
|
amine |
bases, primary: R-NH2, secondary: R-NH-R, tertiary: R-N-R^-R, written as one word |
|
aldehyde |
R-CH=O, carbonyl |
|
ketone |
R-C=O^-R, carbonyl |
|
carboxylic acid |
R-C=O^-OH, carbonyl |
|
ester |
R-C=O^-OR, carbonyl |
|
amide |
R-C=O^-NH2, carbonyl |
|
Lewis structures |
count valence electrons, subtract the molecule's charge |
|
degenerate |
same energy |
|
tetrahedral bond angles |
109 |
|
trigonal pyramidal bond angles |
107 |
|
trigonal planar bond angles |
120 |
|
water bond angle |
105 |
|
trigonal bipyramidal bond angles |
90, 120 |
|
octahedral bond angles |
90 |
|
Ka of water |
10^-16 |
|
polarizable |
the orbital the electrons exist in is very large, there is room for extra electrons and electron repulsion is less because of the orbital's size |
|
inductive effect |
an experimentally observable effect of the transmission of charge through a chain of atoms in a molecule, resulting in a permanent dipole in a bond |
|
prefixes past 10 |
undec- dodec- tridec- tetradec- pentadec- hexadec- heptadec- octodec- nonadec- eicos- |
|
torsional strain |
barrier to free rotation caused when 2 sigma bonds try to pass in front of each other (electron repulsion between to sigma bonds) |
|
steric strain |
when 2 things are forced to be in the same place at the same time (crowding) |
|
homolitic cleavage |
each atom takes one electron back from the bond |
|
heterolitic cleavage |
one atom takes both electrons |
|
radicals |
created by homolitic cleavage |
|
hyperconjugation |
sharing of sigma electrons with empty or partially filled p orbital, more methyl groups = more hyperconjugation = more stability |
|
Hammond's postulate |
in an exothermic reaction, the transition state happens fast and looks like what you start with; in an endothermic reaction, the transition state happens late and looks like the product |