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38 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
- 3rd side (hint)
Describe relationship between nutrition and disease
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inadequate nutrition can lead to disease and a diseased animal often has different nutrient requirements
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Define nutrition
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-ingestion, assimilation and use of nutrients
-involves various chemical and physiological activities which transform food components into body components |
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Define nutrient
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-any food constituent that aids in the support of life.
-chemical substances found in feed materials that can be used and are necessary for the maintenance, production, and health of animals |
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Define essential (indispensible) nutrient
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substance that must be obtained from the diet because the body cannot make it or make adequate amounts of it
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Define nonessential (dispensible) nutrient
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one that the body can make in sufficient quantities if it is lacking in the diet
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Define macronutrient
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nutrient required in large amounts for the normal body function
-Ex: water, carbs, proteins lipids |
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Define micronutrient
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nutrient needed only in small amounts for normal body functions
-Ex: vitamins or minerals |
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Define organic nutrient
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nutrient that contain C--C or C--H bonds
-Ex: carbs, proteins, lipids, vitamins |
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Define inorganic nutrient
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nutrient that does not contain carbon to carbon or carbon to hydrogen bonds
-Ex: water, minerals |
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Define nutraceutical
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defined nutrients or other compounds found in feed/food that give a pharmacologic effect at a concentration greater than what is required to prevent deficiency
-can prevent or treat disease (medical and health benefits) |
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Define Phytochemical
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health promoting compounds found in plants
-not essential nutrients -Ex: antioxidants |
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Define Zoonutrient
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health promoting compound found in animal tissue
-Ex: omega-3 fatty acids |
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Define functional food
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foods that contain one or more substances such as essential nutrient, phytochemical or zoonutrient thought to influence health
-ex: soy milk for bone health/brain/immune function |
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What are the 3 steps in the Three step process of optimal nutrition?
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1. Who are you feeding?
2. What are you feeding? 3. How do you feed the animal? |
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What are some techniques that are used to assess animal health and performance?
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-Physical exam
-Chemical analysis of body tissues, blood, etc -Examination of records, performance, production -Occurrence of disease |
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How are nutrients quantified in the common feeding standards?
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-quantities of nutrients required per day
-or as a percentage of a diet |
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List components of Maintenance Requirement
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1. Repair of body tissues
2. Heat for body temperature in the comfort zone 3. Minimal muscle work 4. Energy to ingest, assimilate use and excrete nutrients 5. BMR |
Basal metabolic rate (BMR)-minimum energy needed to maintain vital functions in a fasting individual who is awake and resting in a comfortably warm environment
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Explain relationship between Maintenance Requirement and size of the animal
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It DECREASES per unit BW as an animal gets larger
Ex: rats need more calories per unit BW than an elephant |
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List internal factors that may alter Maintenance Requirement
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1. Growth (age, gender, breed, growth rate)
2. Reproduction (lactation, gestation, conception) 3. Work (duration and type) 4. Others (Illness, hormonal imbalance, immune function, stress etc) |
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List external factors that may alter Maintenance Requirement
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1. Temperature (extra energy is needed for extremes out of comfort zone)
2. Weather 3. Housing 4. Sanitation |
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What are the major functions of water in the body metabolism?
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1. solvent
2. transport medium 3. dilutent 4. chemical reactions 5. lubricant 6. regulation of body temperature |
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What are the major sources of body water?
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1. drinking free water
2. in or on feed 3. metabolic water from nutrient oxidation |
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What is the relationship among body water, age and body fat content?
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Water content of body water decreases with age and body fat content
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Describe factors that alter water requirements
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Affected by factors that influence water loss:
1. dry matter intake 2. physiological state 3. ambient temperature 4. genotype |
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What is the approximate daily water consumption of swine, sheep, horse, cow, poultry, dog and cat?
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-Swine: 1.5-3 gal/day
-Sheep: 1-3 gal/day -Horse: 10-14 gal/day -Dry, pregnant Cow: 10-14 gal/day -Lactating cow: 25-55 gal/day -Poultry: 2 parts water/1 part dry feed -Dog/cat: 60ml/ kg BW |
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Describe clinical signs associated with water restriction (dehydration).
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Reduces: feed intake; productivity; urine and fecal water excretion; weight loss
Increases: temperature, pulse rate, respiration rate, nausea, irritability |
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Define Total Dissolved Solids (TDS)
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total amount of minerals, salts, metals, cations or anions dissolved in water
-causes salty, bitter or metallic taste, diarrhea. |
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Define water hardness
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-Ca and Mg carbonate in water
-TDS is indicator of hardness, but they are not the same thing |
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Define: Essential AA
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one that the body is unable to make or can only make in inadequate amounts (10, 11 for cats)
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Define: Non-essential AA
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one that the body can make in large enough quantities (10-12)
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Define: Conditionally essential AA
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one that can become essential in certain physiologic conditions
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What are the 10 essential AAs and what is the "extra" one in the cat?
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P=phenylalanine
V=valine T=tryptophan T=theroninr I=isoleucine M=methionine H=histidine A=arginine L=leucine L=lysine -Taurine is needed for cats |
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What is the importance of essential amino acid content in the diet of ruminant animal?
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-Microbes utilize N, AAs and peptides for their protein synthesis
-they convert dietary protein into their own protein |
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Assess how the protein structure influences nutritional value of dietary proteins and protein digestibility
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Primary structure= nutritional value
Tertiaary structure=protein digestibility -globular proteins are more easily digested than filamentous proteins Quaternary= protein function |
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Describe the major functions of proteins
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1. structural and mechanical
2. enzymes 3. hormones 4. immune function 5. fluid balance 6. regulation of pH 7. transport proteins |
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Characterize protein usage in times of need and abundance.
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Need: converted to glucose in the liver (gluconeogenesis, oxidation for energy). All AAs can be used for ATP production-->the last to be used for energy
Abundant:excess AAs are converted to fatty acids |
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Contrast differences in approximate protein requirement among carnivores, omnivores and herbivores.
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-carnivores-High protein requirement (30-50% protein); short digestive tract; need highly digestible animal proteins
-omnivores-Mid-range protein requirement (15-30% DMB). Eat and digest animal and plant protein sources. Effectively digest starches -herbivores-Low protein requirements (8-16% DMB) Enlarged fore-stomach or hind gut. Utilize extensive fiber in the diet (bacterial degradation of feed stuffs) |
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What is the fate of excess dietary protein when fed to an animal?
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Waste protein is excreted as urea via kidneys. Excess proteins are converted to fatty acids, protein synthesis, conversion to lipids
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