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64 Cards in this Set
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Define anthropometry
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is defined as the physical measurement of body size and composition. Examples of anthropometric measurements include height, weight, circumference measurements, elbow diameter, % body fat, and arm muscle area.
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What are anthropometric data taken from a patient compared to?
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NHANES (03-06) data
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What are the physical measurements that are affected by protein deficiency?
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are arm muscle circumference/arm area
fat free mass which is calculated as the difference between body wt and body fat. |
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What are the physical measurements that are affected by energy imbalance?
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body fat, overall body growth (in children) or body size (under or over weight)
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what factors affect height?
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subjects are shorter standing than lying due to gravity on the vertebra also earlier in the day than later for same reason.
Age esp woman due to loss of bone mass but also loss in foot arch. |
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An unintentional loss or gain in weight by what % indicates an underlying serious problem?
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>10%
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What is the calculation for BMI?
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wt (lb)/ht(in)/ht(in) x 703
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Define Fat mass
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•essential fat: lipids of the bone marrow, central nervous systems, mammary glands, and other organs
•non-essential fat: storage fat (subcutaneous, intermuscular, intramuscular, fat or thoracic and abdominal cavity) •adipose tissue is about 10% water |
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Define fat free mass
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fat free tissue such as water muscle bone and internal organs
•mixture of water, minerals (such as in bones), and protein •most of the protein is stored in the muscle •FFM is 72-74% water |
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define total fat
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all extractable fat in the body
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Define essential fat
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fat in organs and tissues such as the brain, nerve, heart, lungs, liver and mammary glands
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Define non-essential fat
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fat found mostly in adipose tissue and used primarily for energy storage
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Adipose tissue mass
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contains about 85% fat, 10% water, 5% protein, minerals, etc
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Lean body mass (LBM)
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FFM + essential fat
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Subcutaneous fat
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adipose tissue underneath the skin
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Visceral fat
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adipose tissue within and around the organs in the thoracic cavity
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Abdominal fat
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subcutaneous and visceral fat in the abdominal region
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intra-abdominal fat
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visceral fat in the abdominal cavity
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What are the four variables of body composition?
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gender, age, diet, exercise
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Forecasting body weight
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Forecasting Body Weight
Example: 128# female with 25% body fat. She wants to know what she would weigh if she were to lose weight until she was 13% body fat - or gain weight until she was 30% body fat (assuming FFM remains constant) Amt fat in Lb (#): 128 x .25 = 32 Lb body fat Amt FFM: 128# - 32@ = 96 Lb FFM Given: Low range fat percent (LRFT) is: 13% for females High range fat percent (HRF%) is: 30% for females Calculating low end recommended body weight (13% body fat): FFM ÷ (1.0 - 0.13) = 96 ÷ 0.87 = 110# Calculating high end recommended body weight (30% body fat) FFM ÷ (1.0 - 0.30) = 96 ÷ 0.7 = 137# |
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What are the guidelines for risk on measuring waist circumference?
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•For men, risk is associated with a circumferance >40 inches
•For women, risk is associated with a circumference >35 inches |
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What is the most accurate method of assessing body composition?
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DIRECT CHEMICAL ANALYSIS but cannot be done on live subjects
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What is the most accurate method of estimating body fat and is considered the "gold" standard?
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hydrodensitometry
Cons, people with altered balance of water or osteoporosis will have incorrect reading. |
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What is the most popular field method for estimating body fat percentage?
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skinfold measureements
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Children are classified obese when they are in what %?
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95th
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What are the steps in assessing an obese patient?
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1. anthropometrics- ht wt BMI waist circ.
2. medical-potential causes or risk factors 3. psychological - identify causes 4 nutritional- wt history, readiness to change |
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How many specialist should be involved when dealing with a patient who is obese?
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four, physician, dietitian, exercise specialist and behavior therapist
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How do you calculate BMI?
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BMI = Wt (kg) or Wt(lbs) ÷ 2.2 or Wt (lbs) ÷ Ht (in) ÷ Ht (in) x 703
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WHat are the classes for BMI?
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Underweight
< 18.5 Normal weight 18.5 - 24.9 Overweight 25 -29.9 Obesity (Class 1) 30 -34.9 Obesity (Class 2) 35 - 39.9 Extreme obesity (Class 3) > 40 |
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Why are anthropometric measurements important for children?
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they are used to assess growth
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WHAT ARE THE MOST WIDELY USED ANTHROPOMETRIC MEASUREMENTS PERFORMED ON CHILDREN?
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1. STATURE
2. BODY WEIGHT 3. HEAD CIRCUMFERENCE (up to 36 months) BMI can be used as well |
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What are the four growth periods for children?
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Infancy
Pre-school Middle school Adolescence |
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What is considered obese in terms of children's measurement percentiles?
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95% + on BMI for age and weight for length/stature
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What is considered overweight in terms of children's measurement percentiles?
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85 - 95% BMI for age
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What is considered underweight in terms of children's measurement percentiles?
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<5 % weight for length and BMI for age
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What is considered short stature in terms of children's measurement percentiles?
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<5% stature/length for age
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What is considered developmental problems in terms of children's measurement percentiles?
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<5% or >95% head circumference for age
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WHat is LBW?
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low birth weight babies are born weighing less than 5.5 lbs either preterm or full term. Higher mortality esp during the first 28 days prob with temp reg, blood glucose levels, and infectious diseases.
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What is VLBW?
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very low birth weight babies born 3.3 lbs or less
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Calculate the BMI for a female who is 67 inches tall and weighs 215#.
a. 28.2 b. 33.7 c. 34.8 |
B. 33.7
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For the above question, how would this individual be classified based upon BMI?
a. normal b. overweight c. obese d. extreme obesity |
C. obese
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Which of the following would be at nutritional risk based on waist circumference?
a. 12 year old girl - 37 inches b. 45 year old female - 38 inches c. 57 year old male - 39 inches |
B. 45 year old female-38 inches
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Describe the uses of the following and whom they are best used for,
Hydrodensitometry Skinfold Bioelectrical impedence Near infraredinteractance Air displacement (bod pod) Magnetic resonance imaging DEXA |
Hydrodensitometry gold standard, expensive time consuming
Skinfold popular, dependent on skill of examiner Bioelectrical impedence quick, easy, portable, best for persons with normal fat Near infraredinteractance portable, fast, easy to use, accuracy is questionable Air displacement (bod pod) can be used with elderly & children, requires tight clothing, Accuracy questionable Magnetic resonance imaging safe for children, costly, limited to hospitals/research DEXA low dose radiation, costly, effective |
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Which of the following would be risk factors for osteoporosis and would signal testing for younger, pre-menopausal women?
[mark all correct answers] a. being thin b. current cigarette use c. African American d. amenorrhea |
ABD
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Which measurement device would be best suited for a health fair?
a. DEXA b. QCT c. Calcaneal radiography |
C. calcaneal radiography
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Is it possible for a measurement to be precise but not accurate?
True False |
True. If you weigh yourself on an "inaccurate" scale that depicts your weight as 10# heavier than it really is - repeatedly - this is an example of precision but not accuracy.
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An elderly female recently underwent hip replacement surgery and is receiving physical therapy in the hospital and is ambulatory. Using 1200 as her BEE/REE, 1.2 as her injury factor, and 1.3 as her activity factor, what is her calculated total energy expenditure?
a. 1440 kcal b. 1560 kcal c. 1800 kcal d. 1872 kcal |
C 1800
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Which of the following equations is validated for a 14 year old girl?
a. Harris Benedict b. Mifflin c. Quick Method d. DRI TEE |
D. DRI TEE
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According to the NHANES over the last 30 years what is the 2010 trends in overweight and obesity in adults and children?
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in 2010, 2/3 of the adult population was overweight or obese using BMI as a criterion, and 1/3 of these were obese.
Between 1999–2000 and 2009–2010, there was an increase in the prevalence of obesity among boys but not among girls. |
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When is weight loss recommended for individuals?
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If over weight and has two or more risk factors.
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Clinical Guideline recommends losing how much in what length of time?
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10% of baseline weight over 6 months at a rate of 1-2 lbs a week and est energy deficit of 500-1000 kcal/day.
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When is surgery recommended?
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co morbidities at greater to or equal to 40 BMI, at 35+ with co-morbidities would be under consideration.
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Name the two types of bone.
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Cortical and trabecular
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At what age does peak bone mass become achieved?
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girls 18 and boys 20 90%
age 30 100% |
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Symptoms of osteoporosis appear in what type of bone first and where?
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trabecular and in the spine and wrists
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Define primary osteoporosis
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not related to other diseases
type 1 in postmenopausal women 51-75 loss of trabecular bone type 2 seen in m and w after 70 due to age-related changes and involves both cortical and trabecular bone. Most common fractures are hips and vertebrae |
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Osteoporosis is defined as bone mineral density (BMD) ______ standard deviations or more below that of young, healthy adults
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2.5
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What is secondary osteoporosis and what is it caused by?
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identifiable cause other than age or osteoporosis such as Cushing's syndrome, amenorrhea, hyperthyroidism
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What is the DRI for vitamin D and calcium?
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DRI Adequate Intakes for calcium are:
•9-18 yrs: 1300 mg •19-50 yrs: 1000 mg •51+ years: 1200 mg DRI for vit D: •9-18 yrs: 10 ug/day •19-50 yrs: 10 ug/day •51+ yrs: 10 ug/day |
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Ways adults can help preserve bone?
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•Mode—weight-bearing endurance activities such as tennis and jogging, activities that involve jumping, and resistance exercise (weight lifting)
•Intensity— moderate to high •Frequency—weight-bearing activities at least 3 to 5 times per week, resistance exercise 2 to 3 times per week •Duration—30 to 60 minutes a day (combination of weight-bearing and resistance exercises) |
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Ways children can help build bone?
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•Mode—impact activities such as gymnastics and jumping activities combined with moderate resistance training
•Intensity—high, but with appropriate weights for resistance training (no more than 60 percent of the maximum amount a person can lift one time) •Frequency—at least three days per week •Duration—10 to 20 minutes with multiple sessions within the same day potentially being more effective |
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What are "T scores"?
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compared to young, normal, healthy same-sex adults are measured in standard deviations (SD)
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What are "z scores"?
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•"Z scores" - compared to same age, sex, and ethnicity
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Who should be tested for osteoporosis?
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•all women aged 65 and older regardless of risk factors
•younger post-menopausal women with one or more risk factors •post-menopausal women who have had a fracture |