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61 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
conceptual definition
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the abstract or theoretical meaning of a concept being studied. i.e. hardiness, comfort, caring
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Operational definition
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-Specifies how a variable will be defined, measured.
-The operations a researcher must perform to collect and measure the desired information. |
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Cause-and-effect (causal)
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Relationship (e.g. cigarette smoking and lung cancer). When the IV causes or affects the DV.
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Functional (associative)
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Relationship (e.g. gender and life expectancy). Variables are related in a noncausal way.
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Independent variable
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the presumed CAUSE (of a dependent variable)- influence on the dependent variable
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Types of Variables (4 types)
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Continuous (height weight, B/P): infinite range of values
Discrete (number of children): a #. Can't have fractions. Only 3 kids, not 3.5 Categorical (>2 categories, job rank, marital status, low/med/high). Distinct categories Dichotomous (young/old, male/female, child/adult, high/low, yes/no) |
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Florence Nightingale contributed what to research?
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Data collection and analysis. She did descriptive research
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Positivist Paradigm
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Associated with quantitative research, objective, regular orderly, happens for a reason, DEDUCTIVE, logical
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Naturalistic Paradigm
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Associated with qualatative research. Not fixed reality, subjective, reality constructed by the individuals, INDUCTIVE
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Quantitiatve
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numeric info
scientific method emperical evidence' Gengeralizability |
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Qualitative
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understanding the human experience, subjective, narrative, flexible, evovle in the field. Seeks patterns, INDUCTIVE, Context bound
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Purpose of nursing research
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Identification
Description Exploration Explanation Prediction Control |
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Research Utilization
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overlapping with EBP. Starts with researched innovation that gets evaluated for possible use in practice. Transition of knowledge to real life situtations
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Evidence based practice
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Starts with a clinical question. Broader than RU. Clinical experience and research together.
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Two types of Systematic reviews
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1) Meta-analyses of RCT's
2) EB clinical practice guidlines |
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Meta-analyses
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technique for integrating quantitatve research statistically - statisical analysis
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EB clinical practice guidelines
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Give practice recs for CPGs
Developed by clinicians |
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Appraisal of Evidence
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How good is your evidence?
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Subjects, Concepts (variables), theroretical framework (conceptual model), relationships (cause and effect), Deductive reasoning
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In quantiative research
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Informant or key informant, concepts (phennomena), conceptual framework (sensitizing framework), inductive reasoning
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In qualatative research
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Independent variable
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the cause
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Dependent variable
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the effect of the cause. the outcome variable
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Independent--> Dependent variable
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Cause-->of outcome
IV-------> DV |
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What is the definition of conceptual ?
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the abstract or theorectical meaning of a concept being studied. i.e. hardiness, comfort, caring
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What is the definition of operational?
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specifies how a variable will be defined, measured.
the operations a researcher must perform to collect and measure the desired information. |
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Cause-and-effect (causal)
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relationship (e.g. cigarette smoking and lung ca)
Smoking causes lung ca |
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Functional (associative)
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relationship (e.g. gender and life expectancy)
Women live longer than men. |
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Problem statement
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-Articulates the problem to be addressed
-Indicates the need -Provides the argument |
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Problem statements should include:
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-Should ID the nature, context and significance of problem being addressed
-Should be braod enough to include central concerns - Should be narrow enough to serve as a guide to study design |
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Statement of purpose
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The researcher's summary of the overall study goal
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Research aims or goals
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The specific accomplishments to be achieved by conducting the study
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Statement of purpose in quantitative studies:
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ID's: key study variables, possible relationships among the variables.
Indicates the population of interest Suggest through the use of verbs (to test, to compare, evaluate....) the nature of the inquiry |
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Statement of purpose in qualitative studies:
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ID's: central phenomenon
Indicates the research tradition (grounded theory, ethnographay) and group of interest Nature of inquiry (to decribe, to discover, to explore) |
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hypothesis
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the researcher's predictions about relationships among the variables
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Qualitative studies, pose queries link to research tradition...
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-grounded theory
-phenomenology -ethnography |
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Grounded theory
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Process questions
(qualitative related) |
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Phenomenology
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meaning questions
(qualitative related) |
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Ethnography
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Cultural description of questions
(qualitative related) |
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In quantitative studies
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pose queries about the relationships among variables
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Complex hypothesis
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two or more of each ID and DV
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Directional hypothesis
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predicts the direction of a relationship
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non-directional hypothesis
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predicts the existence of a relationship, but not its direction
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Descriptive Research Design
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research that has as its main objective the accurate portrayal of the characteristics of persons, situations, or groups and/or the frequency with which certain phenomena occur. (qualiative study)
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Quasi Experimental Research Design
AKA non-randomized trial or a controlled trial w/o randomization |
a design for an intervention study in which subjects are NOT randomly assigned to treatment conditions.
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Experimental Research Design
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A study in which the researcher controls (manipulates) the independent variable and randomly assings subjects to different conditions.
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Randomized Clinical Trial Research Design
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A full experimental test of an intervention, involving random asssignment to treatment groups; phase III of a full clinical trial
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Randomized block design
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An experimental design involving two or more factors (IVs), with only some experimentally manipulated.
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Randomized consent Design
AKA Zelen design |
an experimental design in which subjects are randomized prior to informed consent.
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Valid
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a quality critieron referring to the degree to which inferences are made in a study are accurate and well-founded. In measurement, the degree to which an instrument measures what it is intended to measure.
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Reliable
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the degree of consistency or dependability with which an instrument measures an attribute.
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Belmont trials
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it provides a model for guidelines adopted by disciplinary organizations in the United States. It is the basis for regulations affecting research sponsored by the ninr
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What are the three ethical principles of the Belmont report?
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beneficence, respect for human dignity, justice
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Internal Validity
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The degree to which it can be inferred that the experimental treatment (independent variable), rather than uncontrolled, extraneous factors, caused overseved effects.
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External Validity
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The degree to which study results can be generalized to settings or samples other than the one studied.
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Longnitudnal Studies
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A study designed to collect data at more than one point in time, in contrast to a cross-sectional study.
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Cross-sectional Analysis
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A study design in which data are collected at one point in time. Sometimes used to infer change over time when data are collected from different age or developmental groups.
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Repeated measures ANOVA
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An analysis of variance used when there are multiple measures of the dpendent variable over time (e.g. in a cross-over design
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crossover design
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an experimental design in which one group of subjects is exposed to more than one condition or treatment in random order
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Correlational Research
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Research that explores the interrelationships among variables of interest without researcher intervention.
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open-ended questions
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A question in an interview or questionairre that does not restrict respondents' answers to preestablished alternatives.
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closed-ended questions
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a questions that offers respondents a set of predeteremined response options. Harder to write
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