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82 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
- 3rd side (hint)
What does limbic/limbus mean?
why is it called this? |
Border
It forms a border around the corpus callosum. |
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Olfactory is the only sense that doesn't go to the ________?
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Thalamus (centromedian nucleus)
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What are the four Fs of limbic function?
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* fighting/aggression
* flight * feeding * fooling around |
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What controls our affective response?
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Limbic system (memory)
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What do the lateral olfactory stria project to?
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the cerebral cortex
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What is the primary olfactory area called, are where can it be found?
What are the secondary association olfactory areas called, are where can they be found? |
What is the primary olfactory area called, are where can it be found?
(Pyriform cortex of the rostral temporal lobe) What are the secondary association olfactory areas called, are where can they be found? (entorhinal cortex and orbital frontal cortex - part of parahippocampus, feeds into hippocampus) |
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What is the function of the amygdala in olfaction?
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affective response
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What is the function of the hippocampus in olfaction?
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Memory
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What sits just under the uncus?
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the amygdala
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What is the structure that has holes for the arteries that supply the internal capsule?
What are those arteries called and from what artery do they branch? What is it called if one of the arteries burst? |
What is the structure that has holes for the arteries that supply the internal capsule?
(Anterior Perforated area) What are those arteries called and from what artery do they branch? (striate arteries, branch off of the middle cerebral) (lacunar infarct) |
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What is the most medial structure of the orbital cortex?
A herniation of it can cause what? |
Uncus - sits right off midbrain.
A herniation causes problems with eye movements (right next to CNIII) |
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The olfactory tract arises from what types of cells in the olfactory bulb?
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Mitral cells and Tufted cells of the olfactory bulb
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Mitral cells and Tufted cells of the olfactory bulb give rise to what structure?
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Olfactory Tract
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Olfactory nerves arise from what type of cell of the olfactory epithelium?
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Olfactory nerves arise from the (bipolar cells) of the olfactory epithelium. (olfactory neurosensory cells)
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Bipolar Olfactory neurosensory cells give rise to what structures?
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Olfactory nerves.
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Olfactory nerves pass through what bone structure to reach the olfactory bulb?
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Cribriform plate of the ethmoid bone.
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You smell pizza. What type of cells / what structures does it hit, in order?
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Smell --> olfactory neurosensory cells in nasal epithelium --> olfactory nerves --> olfactory bulb (mitral cells and tufted cells) --> olfactory tract
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What structure separates the olfactory bulb and olfactory epithelium?
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Cribriform plate of ethmoid bone
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where are the 4 direct terminations of the olfactory tract?
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1) Piriform Cortex (rostral temporal cortex, front of the parahippocampus)
2) Entorhinal Cortex (back of the parahippocampus) 3) amygdala 4) Anterior perforated substance |
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What separates the parahippocampal gyrus from the occipitotemporal gyrus?
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The collateral sulcus separates the parahippocampal gyrus from the occipitotemporal gyrus
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The collateral sulcus separates what two things?
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The collateral sulcus separates the parahippocampal gyrus from the occipitotemporal gyrus
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Which is located more caudally, the piriform cortex or the entorhinal cortex?
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The entorhinal cortex is located caudal. The piriform cortex is located rostrally.
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how many layers is the parahippocampus
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6
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how many layers is the hippocampus
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3
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what is the transition between the parahippocampus and the hippocampus called?
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Subiculum
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What structure "caps off" the hippocampus and is important in forming new memories?
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Dentate gyrus
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What structure sits on top of the hippocampus and gives off the fimbria?
What's so special about it? |
Alveus. It's a white matter tract that sits on top of the cortex (usually white matter is under the cortex)
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What type of cells are present in the hippocampus?
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pyramidal cells
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where do inputs come into the limbic system and where do they end?
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parahippocampus --> subiculum --> hippocampus --> dentate gyrus --> alveus of the fornix --> fimbria of the fornix
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what cells are highly metabolically active and require high amounts of oxygen? What happens due to anoxia?
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hippocampus cells are highly metabolically active and require high amounts of oxygen. They are very sensitive to anoxia. Results in amnesia (loss of memory)
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What is the function of the hippocampus?
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memory
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Pyramidal cells of the subiculum and hippocampus give rise to the ________?
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Fornix
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Memory is incorporated in the ___________ and stored in the ___________.
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Memory is incorporated in the (hippocampus) and stored in the (cortex) .
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What are the 4 afferent projections into the hippocampus?
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1) Cingulate gyrus and Cortex
2) Olfactory Rostral (piriform cortex?) 3) Parahippocampal gyrus 4) Septal Nuclei |
"COPS come into the (hippo)campus"
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What is the main efferent output of the hippocampus and where are the 4 places it terminates?
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Fornix is the main output.
1) Mamillary bodies (in hypothalamus) 2) Nucleus accumbens (off of the precommisural fornix in the subcallosal gyrus) 3) Septal nuclei 4) Anterior Thalamic Nucleus |
"you leave (hippo)campus in a MANS world)
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What neurotransmitter is secreted by the Nucleus Accumbens and what is it important for?
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Nucleus accumbens secretes ACh, which is important for Alzheimer's. A loss of nucleus Accumbens and its connections is associated with dementia.
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Alheimer's results from the loss of which nuclei and it neurotransmitter?
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Alzheimer's results in a loss of N. Accumbens and its neurotransmitter, ACh
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What is the connection from the Mammillary body to the Anterior Nucleus of the Thalamus called?
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Mammillothalamic fasciculus.
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Fornix is in the roof of what ventricle?
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Roof of third ventricle
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What is the name of the membrane that separates the lateral ventricles?
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Septum Pellucidum
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What connects the two temporal lobes?
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The anterior commisure, and it's important for learning.
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List the order of the connections in Papez Circuit
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Cingulate cortex - cingulum - parahippocampal gyrus - subiculum - hippocampus - fornix - mammillary body - mammillothalamic tract - anterior thalamic nucleus - cingulate cortex
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What is located in the rostral part of the third ventricle, just behind the genu of corpus internal capusle and sits below anterior commisure?
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Amygdala
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What 3 main things project into the amygdala?
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1) Memory (from the subiculum)
2) Olfactory (from olfactory bulb/tract) 3) Autonomics (from the septal nuclei and the ventromedial nucleus of the hypothalamus) |
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The amygdala is located where in the brain?
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temporal lobe
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Amygdala projects to the septal nuclei and nucleus accumbens through what?
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stria terminalis
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The amygdala projects to what 5 things?
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1) Septal Nuclei
2) Nucleus Accumbens 3) Entorhinal cortex 4) Hypothalamus!! 5) brainstem (through the mediaforebrain bundle) |
Hi Everybody, Neuro Sucks Balls
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The output of the limbic system is the ___________ and is important for affective component of behavior.
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amygdala
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The amygdala is the output of the limbic system to autonomic nuclei, through the ______________?
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medial forebrain bundle
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"Kill or be killed"
Able to train yourself to act a different way. access different pathways through the _________ and _____ |
"Kill or be killed"
Able to train yourself to act a different way. access different pathways through the (amygdala) and (hypothalamus) |
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Amygdala is important for :
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affective component of behavior
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Stimulation of the Lateral hypothalamus causes ________ aggression
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predatory aggression = lateral hypothalamus
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Stimulation of the medial hypothalamus causes ________ aggression
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affective aggression = medial hypothalamus
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These two nuclei have connections and play a role in reinforcement
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Nucleus Accumbens and Septal Nuclei
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Septal Nuclei are important for:
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visceral responses
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Nucleus accumbens are ________ neurons that function in autonomics and memory
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Cholinergic
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This nuclei is cholinergic and functions in autonomics and memory
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Nucleus Accumbens
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How is memory generated?
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Through the Papez circuit.
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Where does the cortex bring new information into?
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Cingulate Cortex!!!!!!!!!
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From where does the cingulate cortex receive new information?
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Cortex!!!!!
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What type of cells exhibit "long term potentiation" and what does this mean?
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Pyramidal cells of the hippocampus. Means cells will change the patterns/properties of their firing with repetitive stimulation
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What is the special type of cell in the hippocampus called, and what makes them special?
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Pyramidal cells. Exhibit "long term potentiation"
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Where is functional memory stored?
Where is visual memory stored? Where is sensory memory stored? |
Where is functional memory stored?
(frontal cortex) Where is visual memory stored? (Occipital cortex) Where is sensory memory stored? (Parietal cortex) |
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Where do addictive substances have a huge impact?
Name the 4 self-stimulating areas: |
On the circuits that include the medial forebrain bundle.
1) Lateral Hypothalamus 2) Ventral Tegmental Area 3) Dorsal Pons 4) Septal area |
"Ladies, VD Sucks" so self-stimulate
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What is the major neurotransmitter involved with reward and behavior?
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Dopamine
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when you say "I really like this", its coming from circuits along what?
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The medial forebrain bundle.
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Where is the lesion in Kluver-Bucy Syndrome and what are the clinical features?
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BILATERAL temporal lobe lesions involving the amygdala.
* flat affect - docility with loss of emotional expression * Loss of learning (if lesion is big enough) * excessive exploratory behavior (oral fixation) * hyperphagia - eats a lot * Visual agnosia - loss of recognition of the significance of visual stimuli * Abnormal/inappropriate sexual behaviors (indiscriminate mounting) |
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A patient presents with injuries to both temporal lobes. The patient has a flat affect, eats a lot, has lost some learning, and doesn't seem to recognize the significance of visual stimuli. What was damaged and what syndrome do they have?
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Amygdala was damaged bilaterally and they have "Kluver-Bucy syndrome"
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"temporal lobe Epilepsy", what causes it/how does it work
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Damage to the cortex can result in a focus of hyperexcitable patch of cortex that looses inhibitory influences of local cells and excitation spirals out of control leading to convulsions.
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The epileptic focus of "temporal lobe epilepsy" may be deduced by symptoms. Where is the damage if the patient experiences:
1) olfactory hallucination? 2) Deja Vu 3) Fear or apprehension (anxiety) 4) Rage 5) Autonomic Response (sweating and increased heart rate) |
1) olfactory hallucination?
* Orbital, frontal, or entorhinal 2) Deja Vu * Hippocampus 3) Fear or apprehension (anxiety) * amygdala 4) Rage * amygdala stimulation can cause rage response 5) Autonomic Response (sweating and increased heart rate) *Anywhere in the temporal lobe??? I don't know this answer. |
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What is dementia and damage to what area can cause it?
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Dementia is a profound loss of memory typically associated with lesions in the hippocampal formation.
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What is Anterograde memory, and how is it affected in dementia?
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The ability to aquire and store new memories.
This ability is lost in dementia. |
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What is Retrograde memory, and how is it affected in dementia?
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The ability to remember significant memories of past events.
This ability may be intact |
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What is declarative memory, and how is it affected in dementia?
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Ability to recall events, peoples names, faces
This ability can be lost. |
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What is non-declarative memory, and how is it affected in dementia?
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The ability to remember how to ride a bike, words of language, music or anything that can be done with minimal "recall"
This ability IS NOT LOST! |
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What type of memory is not affected in dementia, or lesions in the hippocampal formation?
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Non-Declarative memory is not lost.
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What is a very common type of injury to the hippocampus that can result in dementia?
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Anoxia.
The hippocampus is very sensitive to anoxia. |
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What do "Wernicke's encephalopathy" and "Korsakoff's Syndrome" have in common?
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Both involve alcohol (ETOH)
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What is Wernicke's encephalopathy?
* where is the damage? * what causes it? (two things) * What symptoms? * Can it improve with treatment? |
* where is the damage?
- disfunctions/degeneration in the mammillary bodies * what causes it? (two things) - associated with chronic ETOH abuse and lack of Thiamine * What symptoms? - Confusion, memory loss, altered mental status, gate abnormality * Can it improve with treatment? - yes, fluids, thiamine, vitamins) |
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Your drunk uncle comes over and doesn't seem to know where he is or how he got there, and he's having trouble walking. What limbic lesion syndrome might he have, and what area of the brain is likely damaged?
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He has Wernicke's encephalopathy. Dysfunctions/degeneration in the mammillary bodies.
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What is korsakoff's syndrome?
AKA ___________? Damage to what? Reversible? Symptoms? |
* AKA Amnestic confabulatory syndrome
* non reversible degeneration of mammillary bodies * patient will substitute fanciful realities Fill in details when questioned about their condition * may hallucinate ("Uncle Jemima") |
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What type of hallucinations often result from drug use?
What type are endogenous/psychosis related? |
Visual - drugs
Auditory, olfactory - endogenous/psychosis |
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