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88 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
the _________ causes muscles to contract, resulting in facial expressions and joint movements such as those involved in _________ & __________
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- Nervous system
- mastication - speech |
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The nervous system stimulates _______ to secrete and regulate many other systems of the body such as the ________.
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- glands
- vascular system |
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The nervous system also allows for sensation to be percieved such as ______ & ______
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pain & touch
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The nervous system has two main divisions:
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- Central nervous System
- Peripheral Nervous System |
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______ is the cellular component of nervous system
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neuron
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_______ is a bundle of neural processes outside of the CNS and in the PNS
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Nerve
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a ________ is the junction between 2 neurons or between a neuron and an effector organ, where neural impulses are transmitted
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synapse
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in order to function, most tissues of organs have ________, a supply of nerves to the body portion
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innervation
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________ is an accumulation of nueron cell bodies outside the CNS
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ganglion
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Two types of nerves
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- afferent
- efferent |
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Afferent nerves ___________ the CNS and involve _________ information
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- approaching
- sensory (taste, pain, proprioception) |
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Efferent nerves _________ the CNS and involve ________ information
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- exit
- motor information (muscle activation)(may control hundreds of muscle fibers) |
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The __________ has an unequal distribution of ions and electrical charges between two sides of the membrane
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neuron plasma membrane
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The fluid on the outside of the membrane has a ______ charge and the fluid on the inside has a _______ charge and the difference in this charge is the _________
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- positive (+)
- negative (-) - resting potential |
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______ ions are more heavily concentrated outside the membrane, while _________ ions are more heavily concentrated inside the membrane
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- Sodium (Na+)
- Potassium (K+) |
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The imbalance of the plasma membrane is maintained by the active tranpsort of ions against their concentration gradients by the ____________
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- sodium(Na+)-potassium(K+) pump
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The rapid depolarization of the cell membrane, called __________, results in the propagation of the nerve impulse along the membrane. an ________ is a temporary reveral of the electrical potential along the membrane for a brief period (less than a millisecond)
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- action potential
- action potential |
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Sodium gates open allowing _______ ions to pour in and at the height of the membrane potential reversal the sodium gates close and potassium channels open to allow _______ ions to pass to the outside of the membrane, reestablishing the resting potential. The changed ionic distributions must be reset by the continuously running ___________
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- sodium ions
- potassium ions - sodium-potassium pump |
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after passage of the action potential, there is a brief period during which the membrane cannot be stimulated, this is called the
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refractory period
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the refractory period prevents
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the impulse from being transmitted backward along the membrane (prevents reversal of charge direction)
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To have the impulse cross the synapse to another cell requires the actions of chemical agents or __________ from the neuron which are discharged with the arrival of the action potential
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Neurotransmitters
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_________ cause ion channels to open or close in the second cell prompting changes in the excitabilty of that cell's membrane
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Neurotransmitters
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____________ such as acetylcholine and norepinephrine (in most organs) make it more likely that an action potential will be trigered in the second cell.
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Exitatory neurotransmitters
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__________ such as dopamine and serotonin make an action potential in the second cell less likely.
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Inhibitory neurotransmitters
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some neurological diseases are associated with imbalances of neurotransmitters such as
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- Parkinson's disease - dopamine deficiency
- Huntington's chorea - loss of another inhibitory neurotransmitter - Alzeimer's disease - loss of Ach-producing neurons |
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Among the drugs that affect neurotransmitter function is _______, which blocks the uptake of norepinephrine while stimulating the uptake of dopamine
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cocaine
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special neurotransmitters involved with the sensation of pain in the central nervous system are _______, which are natural opioids that produce elation and reduction of pain, as do unatural neurotransmitting chemicals such as _____ & ______
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- endorphins
- opium - heroin |
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_______ is the loss of feeling or sensation resulting from the use of certain drugs or gases that serve as inhibitory neurotransmitters
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Anesthesia
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________ mimics inhibitory neurontransmitters by decreasing neuron's ability to generate an action potential
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Lidocaine
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______ is composed of the brain and spinal cord
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Central Nervous System (CNS)
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The ______ is surrounded by bone, either the skull or vertebrae, with fluid and tissue serving
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Central Nervous System (CNS)
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The major divisions of the brain include
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- cerebrum
- cerebellum - brainstem - diencephalon |
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the ________ is the largest division of the brain and consists of two cerebral hemispheres
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Cerebrum
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The ________ coordinates sensory data and motor functions and governs many aspects of intelligence and reasoning, learning and memory
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Cerebrum
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the ________ is the second largest division of the brain, after the cerebrum
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Cerebellum
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The ________ functions to produce muscle coordination and maintains normal muscle tone and posture, as well as coordinating balance
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Cerebellum
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the _________ has a number of divisions including the medulla, pons, and midbrain
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brainstem
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The _______ is closest to the spinal cord and is involved with the regulation of heartbeat, breathing, vasoconstriction (blood pressure), and reflex centers for vomiting, coughing, sneezing, swallowing, and hiccupping.
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medulla
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The cell bodies of the motor neurons for the tongue are located in the
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medulla
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the ______ connects the medulla with the cerebellum and with higher brain centers
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pons
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Cell bodies for cranial nerves V and VII are found in the
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pons
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The ________ includes relay stations for hearing, vision, and motor pathways
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midbrain
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Superior to the brainstem is the __________, which consists primarily of the thalmus and hypothalmus
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diencephalon
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the _________ serves as a central relay point for incoming nerve impulses, and the __________ regulates homeostasis (it has regulatory areas for thirst, hunger, body temperature, water balance, and blood pressure, and links nervous system to the endocrine system)
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- thalmus
- hypothalmus |
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The ________ runs along the dorsal side of the body and links the brain to the rest of the body
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spinal cord
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the spinal cord in adults is encased in a series of bony vertebrae that make up the _________
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vertebral column
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the gray matter of the spinal cord constist mostly of __________, and the surrounding white matter is made up of ___________
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- unmyelinized cell bodies and dendrites
- tracts of axons, insulated in sheaths of myelin, a combination of lipids and proteins |
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Some tracts are ________, and others are _________.
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- ascending (carrying messages to the brain)
- descending (carrying messages from the brain) |
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The _________ is composed of all the nerves stretching among the CNS and the receptors, muscles, and glands of the body
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peripheral Nervous System (PNS)
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The PNS is further divided into the _________ or __________
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- afferent nervous system (carries information from receptores to brain or spinal cord to muscles or glands)
- efferent nervous system (carries information from the brain or spinal cord) |
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Afferent nervous system or sensory, carries information
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from receptors to the brain or spinal cord
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Efferent nervous system or motor, carries information
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from the brain or spinal cord to muscles or glands
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The efferent division of the PNS is further subdivided into the ________ and _________
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- somatic nervous system
- autonomic nervous system |
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the _________ is a subdivision of the efferent division of the peripheral nervous system and includes all nerves controlling the muscular system and external sensory receptors
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Somatic Nervous System (SNS)
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External sense organs (including skin) are
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receptors
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Muscle fibers and gland cells are
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effectors
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Sensory input from the PNS is processed by the ____, and responses are sent to the _____ from the ______ to the organs of the body
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- CNS
- PNS - CNS |
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True or False
The motor neurons of the somatic system are distinct from those of the autonomic system |
True
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True or False
Inhibitory signals cannot be sent through the motor neurons of the somatic system |
True
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The ________ is the other division of the efferent division of the peripheral nervous system.
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Autonomic Nervous System
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The _________ operates without conscious control as the caretaker of the body
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Autonomic Nervous System
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Autonomic fibers are _______ nerves, and they always occur in ______ chains
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- efferent
- two-nerve |
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The first nerve carries autonomic fibers to a ________, where they end near the cell bodies of the second nerve
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ganglion
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The ANS itself has two subdivisions: _________ & ________
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- sympathetic system
- parasympathetic system |
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Most tissues and organ systems are supplied by _______ division(s) of the ANS
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- both
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The sympathetic and parasympathetic systems generally work in opposition to each other: one _______ the organ, while the other _______
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- stimulates
- inhibits |
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The ________ is involved in "fight-or-flight" responses such as the shutdown of salviary gland secretion
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Sympathetic nervous system
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Such responses in the sympathetic nervous system such as the shutdown of the salivary gland secretion can lead to
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dry mouth (xerostomia), decrease in digestion
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Sympathetic nerves arise in the _________ and relay in ganglia arranged like a chain running up the neck close to the vertebral column on both sides, therefore all the sympathetic neurons in the head have already relayed in a _______
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- spinal cord
- ganglion |
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Sympathetic fibers reach the cranial tissues they supply by traveling with the
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arteries
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The __________ is involved in "rest-or-digest" responses such as the stimulation of salivary gland secretions
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Parasympathetic nervous system
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the stimulation of salivary gland secretions by the parasympathetic nervous system leads to
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salivary flow and increase and aid in digestion
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the parasympathetic fibers associated with the glands of the head and neck region are carried in various cranial nerves and their ganglia are located in the head, therefore parasympathetic neurons in this region may be either __________ or ________
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- preganglionic neurons (before relaying in the ganglion)
- postganglionic neurons (after relaying in the ganglion) |
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the principal parasympathetic outflow for glands in the head and neck is carried in the which cranial nerve(s)
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- seventh & ninth
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The seventh cranial nerve (facial nerve) has ___ branches involved in glandular secretion. The ________ is associated with the pterygopaltine ganglion, and the _________ is the major target organ. The _________ is associated with the submandibular ganglion, and target organs are _________ and ___________
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- 2
- greater petrosal nerve - lacrimal gland - chorda tympani - submandibular - sublingual salivary glands |
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The lesser petrosal nerve, a branch of the ______ cranial nerve is associated with the otic ganglion and the target organ is the ________
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- ninth cranial nerve (glossopharyngeal nerve)
- parotid salivary gland |
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________ is a loss of muscular action of the muscles of facial expression
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facial paralysis
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the causes of facial paralysis include
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cerebrovascular event or traumatic injury
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True or false
Facial paralysis can be unilateral or bilateral and transient or permanent depending on the nature of the nerve damage |
True
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Transient facial paralysis can occur due to
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injection into the gland during an incorrectly administered inferior alveolar local anesthetic block
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Clinically, the patient with facial paralysis has
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a drooping eyebrow, eyelid, and labial commisure, with a dribbling of saliva. Also an inability to show normal expression, close the eye, or whistle, and speech and mastication are difficult
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__________ involves unilateral facial paralysis with no known cause, except that there is a loss of excitability of the involved facial nerve
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Bell's palsy
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One theory about the cause of Bell's palsy is that the _______ nerve becomes inflammed & the injury to it can occur secondary to injury of the ___________
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- facial
- parotid salivary gland |
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__________ also has no known cause but involves the afferent nerves of the fifth cranial or trigeminal nerve
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Trigeminal neuralgia (tic douloureux)
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Trigeminal neuralgia usually involves the _________ or ________ nerve branches but not the ________ branch of the trigeminal nerve
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- maxillary
- mandibular - opthalmic |
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One theory about trigeminal neuralgia is that the lesion is caused by
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pressure on the sensory root of the trigeminal ganglion by area blood vessels
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Clinically, the patient with Trigeminal neuralgia feels excruciating short term pain (tic) when
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facial trigger zones are touched or when speaking or masticating, setting off associated brief muscle spams in the area
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Treatments of trigeminal neuralgia include
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- neurectomy
- alcohol injection - analgesics - antidepressants - anticonvulsant drugs |