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75 Cards in this Set
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Kvalsund Dates/Location
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approximately AD 700, bog in Norway
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Kvalsund dimensions
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length of 60 ft and a breadth of 10 ft, smaller than the Sutton Hoo ship,
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Kvalsund construction
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has only 8 planking strakes to either side of the keel, only 20 rowers in total, oak planking, but the pine frames
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Kvalsund what was it
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Like the Hjortspring and Nydam ships, it was an offering to the war gods.
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Kvalsund lashing
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had frames that were still lashed below the waterline, but above, the frames were attached to the two uppermost strakes with treenails.
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Kvalsund, interesting notes
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no mast step or rigging elements were found, had sever curve of the stem and sternpost, first time in a Scandinavian ship, a rudimentary keel.
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Kvalsund steering oar
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earliest ship that shows how the steering oar on Scandinavian ships was fastened. On teh inside of the hull, where the steering oar is mounted, is strong frame. Cordage passes through the oar, a conically-shaped block of wood, through the hull, and then through the frame.
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Kvalsund how it handled
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Could stand rougher springs, super wave breaker
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Oseberg location/dates
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found near Oslo, Norway in 1905. It dates to AD 800
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Oseberg burial ship
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burial of a Viking noblewoman, along with an elderly female companion.
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Oseberg burial goods on ship
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three dogs, an ox, an ornately-carved wagon, and thirteen horses, pulling three ornately-carved sleighs, some collapsable bedsteads, an oak chest fastened with iron naills with tinned heads, a wooden bucket with brass fittings probably made in Ireland, and other household goods including tapestries.
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Oseberg dimensions
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built entirely of oak, and is 70 ft long and 17 ft broad.
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Oseberg decoration
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richly-decorated with carvings, especially the posts and caprail.
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Oseberg steering oar
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similar to other Scandinavian ships, with a wooden button at the outer end of a withy, passing through the strake, and lashed to the frame, with a conical block of wood and a strap to hold the loom of the oar at the level of the sheer strake, with a tiller attached to the top of the loom.
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Oseberg construction
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lapstrake, clinker construction with iron rivets
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Oseberg type of vessel
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karv.
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Oseberg hull
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Since the ship sailed in deep waters, the hull had a substantially v-shaped bottom with a well-developed keel.
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Oseberg stability?
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It was a wide vessel, with a lenght-to-beam ratio of just over 4 to 1, making her a stable sailor.
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Oseberg hogging problem?
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such a broad, low hull with a high bow and stern would have tended to hog - that is, either end would droop, were it not for the substantially v-shaped bottom and the well-developed keel which combined to form a strong backbone.
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Oseberg rowed or sailed?
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both rowed and sailed. The sheer plank on either side has 15 ports for oars - so there were 30 rowers in total. Note that these are oarports, not thole pins.
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Oseberg mast step
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Vikings called a mast step a carling (old lady). Thsi mast step is quite short, and only rests on two frames.
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mast step/fish
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mast step distributed the weight of the mast over a very small area of the hull. At deck level, it was supported by a mast partner in the shape of a fish, and is thus called a mast fish.
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Oseberg comparison
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very much like the Hjortspring, Nydam and Kvalsund hulls. the frames are lashed to the planking
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oseberg meginhufr
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"("strong plank"). uppermost of the bottom planking strakes, located at the level of the cross beams. It is thicker than the other bottom planks and takes the shap of an inverted 1 in cross-section.
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oseberg new construction feature
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for the first time, we see vertical knees scarfed and nailed to the upper sides of the cross beams at their ends.deck of the Oseberg ship consisted of short sections of planking that rested on ledges cut along either edge of teh upper face of the cross beams.
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Gokstad location dates
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uncovered in 1880 near Oslo, Norwaydates to AD 850
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Gokstad purpose
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another Viking noblewoman burial. She was buried in a wooden burial chamber on the deck of the ship in the later part of the 9th century.
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Gokstad burial goods
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twelve horses, six dogs and a peacock.
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Gokstad difference from oseberg
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this karv was designed to sail in teh open sea and so her freeboard was increased by two planking strakes above the planking strake with the oar ports (oar strake).
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Gokstad construction
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built completely of oak, hull consists of 16 one-inch-thick planking strakes to either side of an extremely well-developed keel
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gokstad meginhufr
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meginhufr is smaller than oseberg.. it is only a slightly-thicker plank now.
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gokstad new construction finding
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new element in teh hulls' framing: in order to give more structural integrity to all four side planking strakes, side frames set just next to the knees are fastened to all four side planking strakes.
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gokstad sailed or rowed?
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When not sailing, the Gokstad ship was rowed by 32 rowers, very seaworthy
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gokstad length to breadth ratio
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4-1/3-1
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skuldelev background
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five much-repaired and worn out Viking ships that were deliberately sank around the year AD 1000 to block a ship channel giving access to the town of Roskilde, in Denmark
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skuldelev importance
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important because little to nothing was previously known about Viking merchant vessels in which long distance trade was conducted.
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Skuldelev Two
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Longship - drakkar, 92 ft long, About 30 rooms/frames, War vessel, raiding craft, 2 rowers in each room, Made for rapid movement of people
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Skuldelev Three
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open cargo hold, no ceiling planking, sides of teh hull were strengthened by light interior strakes, called stringers, well-suited to shorter journeys
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skuldelev five
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was a warship, Drakkar, 60 feet, Very narrow, 8 ft wide, Made of oak and ash, Fixed up with pieces of other boats, Military transport vessel, Quick in, quick out, stealthy, Did not have high sides, Raiding craft, Planks were riveted
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Hanseatic League
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Towards the end of the 12th century, a number of German maritime trading towns in the Baltic began to join together in order to serve their common interests. dominated maritime trade in Northern Europe.
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cog (type of ship)
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All cogs have: Straight, steep stem and sternposts
High, clinker-built sides Their bottoms are relatively flat The stern rudder was more suitable than the side or quarter rudder. A single square sail |
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cog main points review
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Main Point Review
Bottom strakes were edge joined on each side of a keel. Strakes were nailed to inner frames. After the chine, the sides of the vessel were lapstrake or clinker built. Not riveted like Scandinavian vessels, but clenched nails. Extremely high sides with throughbeams to strengthen the upper hull. Nearly flat bottoms - originating in the shallow waters of Holland and Germany. |
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Bremen Cog
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best-preserved cog in existence.
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Bremen cog mast step
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extended the entire length of the hull, making it a true keelson
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bremen cog riding bitt
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the bow there is a through beam above the level of the deck. An anchor would have been tied to it originally.
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bremen cog windlass
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On the main deck underneath the stern castle was a windlass. It was used for hauling in anchor cables, and for raising cargo.
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bremen cog capstan
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On the stern deck there is a capstan used primariloy for raising the sail, as well as cargo.
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vasa transom sterns
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transom permitted heavier construction, especially for a more developed rudder assembly.
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vasa quarter deck
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lowest deck in the sterncastle is called the quarter deck because it is located above teh ship's stern quarters.
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vasa half deck
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The middle deck, because it was a shorter deck then the quarter deck is called the half deck.
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vasa poop deck
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The uppermost deck is called the poop deck, from teh Latin word puppis, which means stern.
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vasa beak-head (head)
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In place of the overhanging forecast of the carrack, vessels like Vasa had a lower-set projection proceeding from the hull itself, a short of continuation of the main deck, extending under the bowsprit
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Vasa background
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King Gustavus Adolfus of Sweden's prized flagship, completed in 1628 and was the greatest warship of the Swedish Navy... for a few hours before it sank upon leaving port
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vasa recovery
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1956 it was found by an amateur historian and archaeologist named Anders Franzen, brought up by cables w/ cranes to be excavated
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vasa catheads
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timber projecting forward and outward from either forward corner of the main deck. These have two slots for pulley sheaves at their outer end. They are called catheads and served for the raising of the ship's anchors up against the side of the ship.
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ratlines
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formed ladders that made it easy to ascend up into the rigging. Ratlines first appear in northern European ship representations in around 1400 AD - they were a Northern invention.
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carrack basics
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three-masted ships, have main-mast, foremast, mizzen mast, from front to back, you have the fore-, main-, and mizzen-masts.
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carrack main-mast
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largest, primary mast, located in the middle of the ship
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carrack foremast
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Forward of main-mast
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carrack mizzen mast
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aft of main-mast
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four-masted carracks
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start About midway through the 15th century, fourth mast is much smaller and spaced aft of the mizzen and is called a bonaventure mast, had bonaventure lateen (triangular) sails.
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Descharges
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In 1501, a Frenchman named Descharges who got the idea of cutting gun ports into the sides of ships' hulls below the level of the main deck.would give ship lower center of gravity, give better stability
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Mary Rose background
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one of the first English warships to carry medium-sized siege cannons on a purpose-built gun deck located beneath her main deck, built in 1509 by Henry VIII and was a four-masted Carrack of 600 tons.
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Mary Rose guns
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91 guns, many large cannon, 50 bronze cannon, rest are iron
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Mary Rose sunk
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sunk during naval battle with french at portsmouth, england in 1545. put 700 fighters on board, sank in 40 ft of water
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Mary Rose recovery original
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tried to recover right after sank, attached cables to other ships to try to lift, failed, tore out mainmast, forgotten after that
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Mary Rose 1836 recovery
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Charles and John Deane, two English brothers who invented the first really practical, modern hardhat diving rig relocated her and in 1836 and again in 1840 salvaged some artifacts. They recovered several items in very good condition including guns, personal items and other pieces.
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Mary Rose Trust
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Removal of overburden within and around the hull.
Removal of all contents within the hull and of loose hull remains inside and outside the hull. Re-enforcement of the hull, replacign lots iron fastenings if necessary, and preparing the hull for recovery, and. The raising of the hull and taking it ashore for conservation and museum display in Portsmouth, where she was built in the 16th century. |
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Four of Mary Rose's decks have survived today.
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The first deck above the hold is the orlop deck.
this is the deck that orlops, or overruns the hold. Next comes the gun deck; Then, the main deck, or weather deck. It is called this since that part of the deck is in the waist, that is,between the sterncastle and the forecastle, exposed to the elements. Finally, a small portion of the lowest deck of the sterncastle has survived in place. |
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Mary Rose the murderer
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it is a rail gun. It was filled like a shotgun with small shot, either metallic or stone, and hooked to the rail of the ship, to prevent recoil, and fired to clear the enemy's deck.
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Port Royal June 7, 1692
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Giant earthquake comes just before noon.
Liquefies the sand and causes 2/3 of Port Royal to sink under the sea. 2000 died immediately 2000+ more died in the following weeks due to disease and lack of water. Turns the Port Royal into a catastrophic site like Pompeii or Herculaneum. |
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Port Royal artifacts
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Arawak Indian artifacts
Reflections of first inhabitants of the island gold silver pottery |
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Hunley sub info
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No motor, hand-cracked vessel, 40 ft long,First successful submarine in silent service, wasn’t the first in general, Called fish boat, fish torpedo boat etc, “The Coffin”
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hunley sub How put together
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Vessel was not solid piece, bunch of iron plates rivoted together, Machining was so precise, it was good fit, Screw-driven, Central drive for ship, When put to trial, major issues surfaced
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hunley success and destruction
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Feb 17 1864, plants charge on housatonic, backs up, housatonic sinks, housatonic person shot at the sub and blew hole in hunley, took on water, got confused, lost, sank
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