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74 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Biomechanics
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A study that uses principles of physics to quantitatively study how forces interact within a living body
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Superior
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Above
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Inferior
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Below
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Proximal
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Nearest to the center of the body or to a point of reference
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Distal
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Farthest from the center of the body or point of reference
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Anterior
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Front- head- before
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Ventral
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Front- abdomen
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Posterior
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Back- feet- after
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Dorsal
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Back
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Medial
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Relatively closer to the midline of the body
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Lateral
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Relatively further to the side from the midline of the body
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Contralateral
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Positioned on the opposite side of the body
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Ipsilateral
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Positioned on the same side of the body
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Plane
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A flat surface
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Axis
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A straight line about which motion occurs; the line is perpendicular to the plane of that name
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Sagittal plane
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Imaginary vertical plane which bisects the body into right & left halves
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Sagittal plane motion
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Motion primarily front and back move in this plane: flexion/extension; biceps/glute curl, quad/triceps extension, squat, calf raise, walking/running
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Flexion
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Bending a joint so that the angle of the joint decreases
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Extension
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Bending a joint so that the angle of the joint increases
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Dorsiflexion
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Ankle flexion, toes move to the upper portion of the foot, to shin
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Plantarflexion
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Ankle extension, toes down towards the sole of the foot
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Frontal plane
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Imaginary vertical plane which bisects the body into front (ventral) and back (dorsal) sections
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Adduction
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Movement of a body part toward the middle of the body in the frontal plane decreasing joint angle
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Frontal plane motion
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Motion in this plane includes adduction/abduction, lateral flexion- spine & neck, eversion/inversion, side lateral raises, side lunges, side shuffles
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Lateral flexion
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Bending the spine or neck to the side
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Eversion (foot pronation)
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Turning the sole of the foot inward resulting in pressure and wear on the inner edge of the shoe
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Inversion (foot supination)
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Turning the outside edge of the sole of the foot downward resulting in more pressure and wear on the outer edge of the shoe
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Transverse plane
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The imaginary plane that divides the body into top and bottom halves
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Transverse plane motion
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Motion in this plane include internal/external rotation, left/right rotation & horizontal adduction/abduction: trunk rotation, golf swing, throwing a ball, swinging a bat
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Internal rotation
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Rotation of a joint toward the middle of the body
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External rotation
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Rotation of a joint away from the middle of the body
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Knee flexion
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Movement of heel towards the hamstrings, leg curl
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Hip flexion
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Movement of the thigh or top of the pelvis forward
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Hip extension
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Movement of the thigh or top of the pelvis backward
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Hip adduction
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Movement of the thigh inward with hip straight
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Hip abduction
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Movement of the thigh outward with hip straight
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Hip transverse adduction
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Movement of the thigh inward with hip bent
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Hip transverse abduction
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Movement of the thigh outward with hip bent
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Hip internal rotation
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Rotary movement around the longitudinal axis of the femur toward the center of the body; turning the thigh or pelvis inward.
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Hip external rotation
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Rotary movement around the longitudinal axis of the femur away from the center of the body; turning the thigh or pelvis outward.
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Shoulder flexion
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Movement of upper arm upward to the front
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Shoulder extension
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Movement of upper arm downward to the rear
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Shoulder abduction
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Movement of upper arm up to the side away from body
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Shoulder adduction
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Movement of upper arm down to the side toward the body
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Shoulder medial rotation (internal rotation)
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Rotary movement of the upper arm inward
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Shoulder lateral rotation (external rotation)
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Rotary movement outward of the upper arm when it is bent at the waist
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Forearm (radioulnar) pronation
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Internal rotation of the forearm resulting in the palm moving or facing posteriorly or down
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Forearm (radioulnar) supination
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External rotation of the forearm resulting in the palm moving or facing anteriorly or up
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Thoracic/lumbar flexion
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Bending the spine resulting in a decrease of angle; moving the spine forward, the thorax toward the pelvis, crunch
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Thoracic/lumbar extension/hyperextension
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Straightening the spine resulting in an increase of angle; moving the spine back; the thorax moving away from the pelvis, superman
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Thoracic/lumbar lateral flexion (abduction)
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Lateral movement of the spine away from the mid-line of the body; bending to the side (left or right); the thorax moves to the side toward the pelvis, side bends
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Thoracic/lumbar adduction
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Straightening the spine from lateral flexion
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Thoracic/lumbar rotation
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Rotary movement of the spine; turning the spine to the side (right or left), twists
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Concentric contraction
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Muscle contraction moving opposite to the direction of force (resistance); accelerates or produces force; shortens muscle
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Eccentric contraction
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Muscle contraction in the same direction as the force/with less force exerted than force placed upon it; decelerate or reduce the force; lengthens muscle
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Negatives
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Another name for eccentric muscle actions
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Isometric contraction
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Muscle contraction in which the force exerted equals the forces acting upon it; dynamically stabilize the body, no appreciable change in muscle length
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Force
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An influence applied by one object to another which results in an acceleration or deceleration of the second object; characterized by magnitude and direction
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Length-tension relationship
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The length at which a muscle can produce the greatest force
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Force-velocity curve
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The ability of muscles to produce force in relation to velocity. Concentric- force decreases with velocity; Eccentric- force increases with velocity
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Force-couple
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Synergistic action of muscle groups moving together but in opposite directions to produce rotational movement around a joint
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Rotary motion
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Movement of the bones around the joints (axis)
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Torque
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A force that produces rotation; the turning effect of the joint due to rotary motion
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Weight distance
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The closer a weight is to the joint, the more torque it creates & vice versa
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Motor behavior
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The kinetic chain's response to internal and external environmental stimuli
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Motor control
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The involved structures and mechanisms that the central nervous system uses to assimilate and integrate sensory information with previous experiences
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Synergies
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Groups of muscles that are recruited by the central nervous system to provide movement
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Proprioception
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The cumulative sensory input to the central nervous system from all mechanoreceptors (muscle spindles, GTOs & joint receptors) that sense position and limb movements
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Sensorimotor integration
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The cooperation of the nervous and muscular systems in gathering information, interpreting, and executing movement
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Motor learning
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Repeated practice of motor control processes which lead to a change in the ability to produce complex movements
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Feedback
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The use of internal and external sensory information and sensorimotor integration to help the kinetic chain in motor learning
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Internal feedback
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The process whereby sensory information is used by the body to reactively monitor movement and the environment
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External feedback
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Information provided by some external source such as a fitness professional, video, mirror, or heart rate monitor to supplement the internal environment
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Muscle action spectrum
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The combination of concentric, eccentric, and isometric muscle contractions that are produced to manipulate gravity, ground reaction forces, momentum, and external resistance
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