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63 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Human movement system |
The combination and interrelation of the nervous, muscular, and skeletal systems |
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Nervous system |
A conglomeration of billions of cells specifically designed to provide a communication network within the body |
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Sensory function |
The ability of the nervous system to sense changes in either internal or external environment |
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Integrative function |
The ability of the nervous system to analyze and interpret sensory information to allow for proper decision making, which produces the appropriate response |
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Motor function |
The neuromuscular response to the sensory information |
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Proprioception |
Coordination |
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Neuron |
The functional unit of the nervous system |
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Sensory (afferent) neurons |
Transmit nerve impulses from effector sites (such as muscles and organs) via receptors to the brain and spinal cord. |
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Interneurons |
Transmit nerve impulses from one neuron to another. |
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Motor (efferent) neurons |
Transmit nerve impulses from the brain and spinal cord to effector sites |
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Central nervous system (CNS) |
Brain and spinal cord |
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Peripheral nervous system (PNS) |
Nerves that connect the CNS to the rest of the body |
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Mechanoreceptors |
Sensory receptors responsible for sensing distortion in body tissues |
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Muscle spindles |
Receptors sensitive to change in length of the muscle and the rate of change |
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Golgi tendon organs |
Receptors sensitive to change in tension of the muscle and the rate of change |
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Joint receptors |
Receptors surrounding a joint that respond to pressure, acceleration, and deceleration of a joint. |
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Skeletal system |
The body's framework composed of bones and joints |
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Bones |
Provide a resting ground for muscles and protection of vital organs |
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Joints |
Junctions of bones, muscles, and connective tissue at which movement occurs. Also known as articulation. |
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Axial skeleton |
Portion of the skeletal system that consists of the skull, rib cage, and vetebral column |
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Appendicular skeleton |
Portion of the skeletal system that includes the upper and lower extremities |
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Remodeling |
The process of resorption and formulation of bone
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Osteoclasts |
A type of bone cell that removes bone tissue |
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Osteoblasts |
A type of cell that is responsible for bone formation |
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Epiphysis |
The end of the long bone, which is mainly composed of cancellous bone, and house much of the red marrow involved in red blood cell production. Primary sites for bone growth. |
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Diphysis |
The shaft portion o the long bone |
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Epiphyseal plate |
The region of the long bone connecting the diaphysis to the epiphysis. It is a layer of subdividing catiaginous cells in which growth in length of the diaphysis occurs. |
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Periosteum |
A dense membrane composed of fibrous connective tissue that closely wraps all bone |
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Medullar cavity |
The central cavity of the bone shafts where marrow is stored |
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Articular (hyaline) cartilage |
Cartilage that covers the ends of articulating bones |
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Depressions |
Flattened or indented portions of bone, which can be muscle attachment sites |
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Processes |
Projections protruding from the bone where muscles, tendons, and ligaments attach |
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Vertebral column |
A series of irregularly shaped bones called vertebrae that houses the spinal cord
Cervical Spine (C1-C7), Thoracic spine (T1-T12), Lumbar Spine (L1-L5), Sacrum, Coccyx |
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Arthrokinematics |
Joint movement |
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Synovial joints |
Joints that are held together by a joint capsule and ligaments and are most associated with movement in the body |
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Nonsynovial joints |
Joints that do not have a joint cavity, connective tissue, or cartilage.
EXAMPLE: Skull |
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Ligaments |
Connects bone to bone. Made up of collagen and elastin. |
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Tendon |
Connects muscle to bone |
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Muscular System |
Series of muscles that move the skeleton |
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Skeletal muscle |
Made up of individual muscle fibers |
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Epimysium |
Layer of connective tissue that is underneath the fascia and surrounds the muscle |
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Perimysium |
The connective tissue that surrounds fascicles |
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Endomysium |
The deepest layer of connetive tissue that surrounds individual muscle fibers |
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Tendons |
Connect muscle to bone |
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Sacromere |
The functional unit of muscle that produces muscular contraction and consists of repeating sections of actin (thin filament) and myosin (thick filament) |
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Neural activation |
The contraction of a muscle generated by neural stimulation |
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Motor unit |
A motor neuron and all of the muscle fibers it innervates |
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Neurotransmitters |
Chemical messengers that cross the neuromuscular junction (synapse) to transmit electrical impulses from the nerve to the muscle |
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Sliding filament theory |
Describes how thick (actin) and thick (myosin) filaments within the sacromere slide past one another, shortening the entire lenght of the sacromere and thus shortening the muscle and producing force |
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Muscle Fiber: Type I |
Slow twich.
Smaller in size, slow to fatigue, long term contractions (stabilization) |
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Muscle Fiber: Type II |
Fast twitch.
Larger in size, more force produced, quick to fatigue, short term contractions (force and power) |
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Agonist |
Muscles that act as prime movers. They are the muscle most responsible for a movement |
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Synergist |
Assists the prime mover during movement. |
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Stabilizer |
Support of stabilize the body in movement |
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Antagonist |
Does the opposite action of the prime mover |
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Endocrine System |
Secretes hormones into the blood stream |
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Endocrine glands |
Hypothalamus, pituitary, thyroid, and adrenal glands
Pituitary = 'master gland' |
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Insulin |
Regulates energy and glucose metabolism in the body
When you eat, glucose goes up. Insulin helps bring that down |
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Glucagon |
Regulates blood glucose levels
Functions to raise glucose levels. After not eating for a while, glucose levels are low Glucagon helps raise it.
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Catecholamines |
Epinephrine and nonrepinephrine. Prep the body for activity. Flight or fight response
Increase HR and stroke volume, elevates blood glucose levels, redistributes blood to working tissues, opens airways |
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Cortisol |
Under times of stress, cortisol is secreted to maintain energy supply through the breakdown of carbs fat and protein. High levels of cortisol from lack of sleep or overtraining, poor nutrition can lead to breakdown of muscle |
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Growth hormone |
Increases the development of bone, muscle tissue, and protein sythesis; increases fat burning; strengthens the immune system |
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Thyroid |
Hormones responsible for human metabolism |