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158 Cards in this Set
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Used for routine urinalysis |
Bright field microscopy |
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Enhances visualization of elements with low refractive indices, such as hyaline casts, mixed cellular casts, mucous threads and trichomonas |
Phase contrast microscopy |
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Aids in identification of cholesterol in oval fat bodies, fatty cast and crystals |
Polarizing microscopy |
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Aids in identification of treponema pallidum A technique used in the clinical lab to enhance visualization of specimen that cannot be seen easily viewed with a bright field microscope |
Dark field microscopy |
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Allows visualization of naturally fluorescent microorganisms or those stained by fluorescent dye |
Fluorescence microscopy |
It is used to detect bacteria and viruses within cells and tissues through a technique called immunofluorescence |
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Produces a three dimensional microscopy image and layer by layer imaging of a specimen |
Interference contrast |
2 types (Modular contrast ) Hoffman (Differential interference contrast) nomarski |
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The modulation contrast has 3 zones of light emissions |
Dark zone transmit 1% of light Gray zone transmit 15% of light Clear zone transmit 100% of lights |
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Specimen volume |
Usually 10-15ml (12ml average) |
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Perform initial magnification of the object on the mechanical stage |
Objective |
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Further magnify the object that has been enhanced by the objective for viewing |
Ocular (eyepiece) |
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Moves the mechanical stage noticeably up and down until the object comes into view for initial focusing |
Course adjustment knob |
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Adjustment to sharpen the image |
Fine adjustment knob |
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Ability of the lens to distinguish two small objects that are a specific distance apart |
Resolution |
Ability to visualize fine details |
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Illumination for the modern microscope is provided by a |
Light source |
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It regulates the intensity of the light |
Rheostat |
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Focuses the light on the specimen and controls the light for uniform illumination |
Condenser |
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Control the amount of light and the angle of light rays that pass to the specimen and lens, which affect the resolution, contrast and depth of the field of image; by adjusting the aperture diaphragm to 75% of the numerical aperture of the objective, maximum resolution is achieved |
Aperture (Iris) diaphragm |
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Controls the diameter of the light beam reaching the slide and is adjusted for optimal illumination |
Field diaphragm |
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Centrifugation |
400 RCF for 5 mins |
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Volume of sediment after decantation |
0.5 to 1.0ml |
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Volume of sediment examination |
20ul (0.02ml) |
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Identifies WBC, epithelial cells and cast |
Sternheimer- malbin |
Delineates structure and contrasting colors of the nucleus and cytoplasm |
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Differentiates WBC and renal tubular epithelial cells |
Toluidine blue |
Enhances nuclear detail |
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Identifies free fat droplets and lipid containing cells and casts |
Lipid stains: Oil red O and sudan ||| |
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Identifies bacterial casts |
Gram stain |
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Identifies urinary eosinophils |
Hansel stain |
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Identifies yellow brown granules of hemosiderin in cells and casts |
Prussian blue stain |
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First procedure to standardize the quantitation of formed elements in the urine microscopic analysis |
Addis count (Thomas Addis) |
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REPORTING RBC, WBC, RTE cells and Oval fat bodies |
Average number per 10 HPF |
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Reporting Cast |
Average number per 10 LPF |
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Reporting Epithelial cells , crystal & others |
Number of words (Rare, few, moderate, many) |
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Appear as crenated/shrink |
Hypertonic urine |
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Irritation or bleeding in urinary tract or kidney |
Hematuria |
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Irritation or bleeding in urinary tract or kidney |
Hematuria |
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Increase WBC in urine |
Pyuria |
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Irritation or bleeding in urinary tract or kidney |
Hematuria |
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Increase WBC in urine |
Pyuria |
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Large flat cells of bladder or superficial layer of the urethra or vagina. |
Squamous cells |
They are normally present in large number in urine of women |
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Irritation or bleeding in urinary tract or kidney |
Hematuria |
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Increase WBC in urine |
Pyuria |
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Large flat cells of bladder or superficial layer of the urethra or vagina. |
Squamous cells |
They are normally present in large number in urine of women |
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Spherical, polyhedral or caudate with centrally located nucleus |
Transitional cells |
Linning the bladder, urethra & pelvis of the kidney |
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Irritation or bleeding in urinary tract or kidney |
Hematuria |
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Increase WBC in urine |
Pyuria |
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Large flat cells of bladder or superficial layer of the urethra or vagina. |
Squamous cells |
They are normally present in large number in urine of women |
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Spherical, polyhedral or caudate with centrally located nucleus |
Transitional cells |
Linning the bladder, urethra & pelvis of the kidney |
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Rectangular, columnar , round, oval or cuboidal with an eccentric nucleus possibly bilirubin stained or hemosiderin-laden |
Renal tubular epithelial (RTE) |
Slightly larger than pus cells Clin significance: Acute glomerulonephritis Nephrosis Hemolytic anemia Hemochromatosis |
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Irritation or bleeding in urinary tract or kidney |
Hematuria |
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Increase WBC in urine |
Pyuria |
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Large flat cells of bladder or superficial layer of the urethra or vagina. |
Squamous cells |
They are normally present in large number in urine of women |
|
Spherical, polyhedral or caudate with centrally located nucleus |
Transitional cells |
Linning the bladder, urethra & pelvis of the kidney |
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Rectangular, columnar , round, oval or cuboidal with an eccentric nucleus possibly bilirubin stained or hemosiderin-laden |
Renal tubular epithelial (RTE) |
Slightly larger than pus cells Clin significance: Acute glomerulonephritis Nephrosis Hemolytic anemia Hemochromatosis |
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Highly refractile RTE cells |
Oval fat bodies |
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Irritation or bleeding in urinary tract or kidney |
Hematuria |
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Increase WBC in urine |
Pyuria |
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Large flat cells of bladder or superficial layer of the urethra or vagina. |
Squamous cells |
They are normally present in large number in urine of women |
|
Spherical, polyhedral or caudate with centrally located nucleus |
Transitional cells |
Linning the bladder, urethra & pelvis of the kidney |
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Rectangular, columnar , round, oval or cuboidal with an eccentric nucleus possibly bilirubin stained or hemosiderin-laden |
Renal tubular epithelial (RTE) |
Slightly larger than pus cells Clin significance: Acute glomerulonephritis Nephrosis Hemolytic anemia Hemochromatosis |
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Highly refractile RTE cells |
Oval fat bodies |
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Small spherical and rob shape structure Not normally present in urine but contaminated when passing out in the urethra |
Bacteria |
Considered significant for UTI |
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Irritation or bleeding in urinary tract or kidney |
Hematuria |
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Increase WBC in urine |
Pyuria |
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Large flat cells of bladder or superficial layer of the urethra or vagina. |
Squamous cells |
They are normally present in large number in urine of women |
|
Spherical, polyhedral or caudate with centrally located nucleus |
Transitional cells |
Linning the bladder, urethra & pelvis of the kidney |
|
Rectangular, columnar , round, oval or cuboidal with an eccentric nucleus possibly bilirubin stained or hemosiderin-laden |
Renal tubular epithelial (RTE) |
Slightly larger than pus cells Clin significance: Acute glomerulonephritis Nephrosis Hemolytic anemia Hemochromatosis |
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Highly refractile RTE cells |
Oval fat bodies |
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Small spherical and rob shape structure Not normally present in urine but contaminated when passing out in the urethra |
Bacteria |
Considered significant for UTI |
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Small, oval, refractile structures with buds and or mycelia |
Yeast |
Mistaken for red cells but they are insoluble in acid and alkali and will not stain with cosin |
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Irritation or bleeding in urinary tract or kidney |
Hematuria |
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Increase WBC in urine |
Pyuria |
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|
Large flat cells of bladder or superficial layer of the urethra or vagina. |
Squamous cells |
They are normally present in large number in urine of women |
|
Spherical, polyhedral or caudate with centrally located nucleus |
Transitional cells |
Linning the bladder, urethra & pelvis of the kidney |
|
Rectangular, columnar , round, oval or cuboidal with an eccentric nucleus possibly bilirubin stained or hemosiderin-laden |
Renal tubular epithelial (RTE) |
Slightly larger than pus cells Clin significance: Acute glomerulonephritis Nephrosis Hemolytic anemia Hemochromatosis |
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Highly refractile RTE cells |
Oval fat bodies |
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Small spherical and rob shape structure Not normally present in urine but contaminated when passing out in the urethra |
Bacteria |
Considered significant for UTI |
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Small, oval, refractile structures with buds and or mycelia |
Yeast |
Mistaken for red cells but they are insoluble in acid and alkali and will not stain with cosin |
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Ova in urine with blood |
Parasite |
Trichomonas vaginalis- most frequent parasite encountered in the urine |
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Irritation or bleeding in urinary tract or kidney |
Hematuria |
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Increase WBC in urine |
Pyuria |
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|
Large flat cells of bladder or superficial layer of the urethra or vagina. |
Squamous cells |
They are normally present in large number in urine of women |
|
Spherical, polyhedral or caudate with centrally located nucleus |
Transitional cells |
Linning the bladder, urethra & pelvis of the kidney |
|
Rectangular, columnar , round, oval or cuboidal with an eccentric nucleus possibly bilirubin stained or hemosiderin-laden |
Renal tubular epithelial (RTE) |
Slightly larger than pus cells Clin significance: Acute glomerulonephritis Nephrosis Hemolytic anemia Hemochromatosis |
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Highly refractile RTE cells |
Oval fat bodies |
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Small spherical and rob shape structure Not normally present in urine but contaminated when passing out in the urethra |
Bacteria |
Considered significant for UTI |
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Small, oval, refractile structures with buds and or mycelia |
Yeast |
Mistaken for red cells but they are insoluble in acid and alkali and will not stain with cosin |
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Ova in urine with blood |
Parasite |
Trichomonas vaginalis- most frequent parasite encountered in the urine |
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Tapered oval head with long, thin tail |
Spermatozoa |
Found in urine after sexual intercourse |
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Irritation or bleeding in urinary tract or kidney |
Hematuria |
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Single or clumped threads with low refractive index |
Mucus thread |
Appear thin split |
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Increase WBC in urine |
Pyuria |
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Large flat cells of bladder or superficial layer of the urethra or vagina. |
Squamous cells |
They are normally present in large number in urine of women |
|
Spherical, polyhedral or caudate with centrally located nucleus |
Transitional cells |
Linning the bladder, urethra & pelvis of the kidney |
|
Rectangular, columnar , round, oval or cuboidal with an eccentric nucleus possibly bilirubin stained or hemosiderin-laden |
Renal tubular epithelial (RTE) |
Slightly larger than pus cells Clin significance: Acute glomerulonephritis Nephrosis Hemolytic anemia Hemochromatosis |
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Highly refractile RTE cells |
Oval fat bodies |
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Small spherical and rob shape structure Not normally present in urine but contaminated when passing out in the urethra |
Bacteria |
Considered significant for UTI |
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Small, oval, refractile structures with buds and or mycelia |
Yeast |
Mistaken for red cells but they are insoluble in acid and alkali and will not stain with cosin |
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Ova in urine with blood |
Parasite |
Trichomonas vaginalis- most frequent parasite encountered in the urine |
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Tapered oval head with long, thin tail |
Spermatozoa |
Found in urine after sexual intercourse |
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Irritation or bleeding in urinary tract or kidney |
Hematuria |
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Single or clumped threads with low refractive index |
Mucus thread |
Appear thin split |
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Only elements found in urine that are unique to the kidneys |
Casts (tamm horsfall) |
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Increase WBC in urine |
Pyuria |
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Large flat cells of bladder or superficial layer of the urethra or vagina. |
Squamous cells |
They are normally present in large number in urine of women |
|
Spherical, polyhedral or caudate with centrally located nucleus |
Transitional cells |
Linning the bladder, urethra & pelvis of the kidney |
|
Rectangular, columnar , round, oval or cuboidal with an eccentric nucleus possibly bilirubin stained or hemosiderin-laden |
Renal tubular epithelial (RTE) |
Slightly larger than pus cells Clin significance: Acute glomerulonephritis Nephrosis Hemolytic anemia Hemochromatosis |
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Highly refractile RTE cells |
Oval fat bodies |
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|
Small spherical and rob shape structure Not normally present in urine but contaminated when passing out in the urethra |
Bacteria |
Considered significant for UTI |
|
Small, oval, refractile structures with buds and or mycelia |
Yeast |
Mistaken for red cells but they are insoluble in acid and alkali and will not stain with cosin |
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Ova in urine with blood |
Parasite |
Trichomonas vaginalis- most frequent parasite encountered in the urine |
|
Tapered oval head with long, thin tail |
Spermatozoa |
Found in urine after sexual intercourse |
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Irritation or bleeding in urinary tract or kidney |
Hematuria |
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Single or clumped threads with low refractive index |
Mucus thread |
Appear thin split |
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Only elements found in urine that are unique to the kidneys |
Casts (tamm horsfall) |
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Capsule-like Colorless homogeneous matrix Most frequently seen casts |
Hyaline cast |
Glomerulonephritis Pyelonephritis Chronic renal disease Congestive heart failure Stress and exercise |
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Increase WBC in urine |
Pyuria |
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|
Large flat cells of bladder or superficial layer of the urethra or vagina. |
Squamous cells |
They are normally present in large number in urine of women |
|
Spherical, polyhedral or caudate with centrally located nucleus |
Transitional cells |
Linning the bladder, urethra & pelvis of the kidney |
|
Rectangular, columnar , round, oval or cuboidal with an eccentric nucleus possibly bilirubin stained or hemosiderin-laden |
Renal tubular epithelial (RTE) |
Slightly larger than pus cells Clin significance: Acute glomerulonephritis Nephrosis Hemolytic anemia Hemochromatosis |
|
Highly refractile RTE cells |
Oval fat bodies |
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|
Small spherical and rob shape structure Not normally present in urine but contaminated when passing out in the urethra |
Bacteria |
Considered significant for UTI |
|
Small, oval, refractile structures with buds and or mycelia |
Yeast |
Mistaken for red cells but they are insoluble in acid and alkali and will not stain with cosin |
|
Ova in urine with blood |
Parasite |
Trichomonas vaginalis- most frequent parasite encountered in the urine |
|
Tapered oval head with long, thin tail |
Spermatozoa |
Found in urine after sexual intercourse |
|
Irritation or bleeding in urinary tract or kidney |
Hematuria |
|
|
Single or clumped threads with low refractive index |
Mucus thread |
Appear thin split |
|
Only elements found in urine that are unique to the kidneys |
Casts (tamm horsfall) |
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|
Capsule-like Colorless homogeneous matrix Most frequently seen casts |
Hyaline cast |
Glomerulonephritis Pyelonephritis Chronic renal disease Congestive heart failure Stress and exercise |
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Orange red color, cast matrix containing RBC |
RBC cast |
Glomerulonephritis Strenuous exercise |
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Increase WBC in urine |
Pyuria |
|
|
Large flat cells of bladder or superficial layer of the urethra or vagina. |
Squamous cells |
They are normally present in large number in urine of women |
|
Spherical, polyhedral or caudate with centrally located nucleus |
Transitional cells |
Linning the bladder, urethra & pelvis of the kidney |
|
Rectangular, columnar , round, oval or cuboidal with an eccentric nucleus possibly bilirubin stained or hemosiderin-laden |
Renal tubular epithelial (RTE) |
Slightly larger than pus cells Clin significance: Acute glomerulonephritis Nephrosis Hemolytic anemia Hemochromatosis |
|
Highly refractile RTE cells |
Oval fat bodies |
|
|
Small spherical and rob shape structure Not normally present in urine but contaminated when passing out in the urethra |
Bacteria |
Considered significant for UTI |
|
Small, oval, refractile structures with buds and or mycelia |
Yeast |
Mistaken for red cells but they are insoluble in acid and alkali and will not stain with cosin |
|
Ova in urine with blood |
Parasite |
Trichomonas vaginalis- most frequent parasite encountered in the urine |
|
Tapered oval head with long, thin tail |
Spermatozoa |
Found in urine after sexual intercourse |
|
Irritation or bleeding in urinary tract or kidney |
Hematuria |
|
|
Single or clumped threads with low refractive index |
Mucus thread |
Appear thin split |
|
Only elements found in urine that are unique to the kidneys |
Casts (tamm horsfall) |
|
|
Capsule-like Colorless homogeneous matrix Most frequently seen casts |
Hyaline cast |
Glomerulonephritis Pyelonephritis Chronic renal disease Congestive heart failure Stress and exercise |
|
Orange red color, cast matrix containing RBC |
RBC cast |
Glomerulonephritis Strenuous exercise |
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Cast matrix containing WBC |
WBC cast |
Pyelonephritis Acute interstitial nephritis |
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Increase WBC in urine |
Pyuria |
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|
Large flat cells of bladder or superficial layer of the urethra or vagina. |
Squamous cells |
They are normally present in large number in urine of women |
|
Spherical, polyhedral or caudate with centrally located nucleus |
Transitional cells |
Linning the bladder, urethra & pelvis of the kidney |
|
Rectangular, columnar , round, oval or cuboidal with an eccentric nucleus possibly bilirubin stained or hemosiderin-laden |
Renal tubular epithelial (RTE) |
Slightly larger than pus cells Clin significance: Acute glomerulonephritis Nephrosis Hemolytic anemia Hemochromatosis |
|
Highly refractile RTE cells |
Oval fat bodies |
|
|
Small spherical and rob shape structure Not normally present in urine but contaminated when passing out in the urethra |
Bacteria |
Considered significant for UTI |
|
Small, oval, refractile structures with buds and or mycelia |
Yeast |
Mistaken for red cells but they are insoluble in acid and alkali and will not stain with cosin |
|
Ova in urine with blood |
Parasite |
Trichomonas vaginalis- most frequent parasite encountered in the urine |
|
Tapered oval head with long, thin tail |
Spermatozoa |
Found in urine after sexual intercourse |
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Cast which contain numerous bacteria |
Bacteria cast |
Bacilli bound to protein matrix |
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Cast which contain numerous bacteria |
Bacteria cast |
Bacilli bound to protein matrix |
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RTE cells attached to protein matrix |
Epithelial cell casts |
Renal tubular damage |
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Cast which contain numerous bacteria |
Bacteria cast |
Bacilli bound to protein matrix |
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RTE cells attached to protein matrix |
Epithelial cell casts |
Renal tubular damage |
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Highly refractile cast with jagged ends and notches Broader than hyaline cast |
Waxy cast |
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