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52 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Prokaryotes : Distinguising Characteristics
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DNA not enclosed within a membrane; usually a singular circularly arranged chromosome.
DNA not associated with histones. No membrane-enclosed organelles. Cell walls with complex polysaccharide peptidoglycan. Usually divide by binary fission. |
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Eukaryotes : Distinguishing Characteristics
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DNA found in cell's nucleus, which is separated from cytoplasm.
DNA associated with chromosomal proteins called histones. Membrane-enclosed organelles. Cell walls are chemically simple. Cell division involves mitosis. |
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Prokaryotes : Shapes (3)
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spherical (coccus)
rod-shaped (bacillus) spiral |
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Strepto- (desc.)
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Chains
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Staphylo- (desc.)
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Large clusters
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Growth Patterns of Cocci (5)
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Diplococci (pairs)
Streptococci (chains) Tetrads (planes of four) Sarcinae (cubes of eight) Staphylococci (grapelike clusters) |
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Sarcinae (desc.)
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Division into a cube of eight cocci.
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Tetrad (desc.)
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Division into a plane of four cocci.
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Growth Patterns of Bacillus (2)
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Diplobacilli (pairs)
Streptobacilli (chains) |
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Coccobacillus (desc.)
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Oval in shape.
Look similar to cocci, thus the name. |
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Spirals (ex.)
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Vibrio (short curve)
Spirillum (helical; use flagella to move) Spirochete (twists to move; no flagella) Others (star-shaped, rectangular, flat, triangular) |
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Prokaryotes : External Structures (4)
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Glycocalyx
Flagella Pili Cell wall |
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Glycocalyx (def./trans.)
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"Sugar coat", composed of a viscous, gelatinous polymer of polysaccharides, polypeptide, or both.
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Glycocalyx (function)
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Attachment
Protection |
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Flagella (def.)
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Long filamentous appendages that propel bacteria.
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Flagella Types (4)
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Monotrichous (single polar flagellum)
Amphitrichous (tuft of flagella at each end of cell) Lophotrichous (two or more flagella at one or both ends of cell) Peritrichous (dist. over entire cell) |
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Flagella Structure/Parts (3)
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Filament (made of protein flagellin, wrapped like hollow rope)
Hook (attached to filament and rotates) Basal body (anchors to cell wall/membrane) |
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Taxis (def.)
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Movement toward or away from a particular stimulus, e.g. chemotaxis, phototaxis.
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Axial Filaments (def.)
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Bundles of fibrils that arise at the ends of the cell beneath an outer sheath and spiral around the cell.
Structure similar to flagella. Found in spirochetes. |
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Fimbriae and Pili (def.)
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Hairlike appendages that are shorter, straighter, and thinner than flagella. Fimbriae used for attachment. Pili used for transfer of DNA.
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Cell Wall : Functions (3)
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Protection from environmental changes
Maintenance of shape Site of action for some antibiotics (as animals don't have them) |
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Cell Wall : Peptidoglycan (def.)
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Consists of a repeating disaccharide attached by polypeptides.
Made up of monosaccharides N-acetylglucosamine (NAG) and N-acetylmuramic acid (NAM) |
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Cell Wall : Gram positive (def./func.)
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Many layers of peptidoglycan.
Teichoic acid links layers. May regulate ion movement. Provides antigenic specificity. |
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Cell Wall : Gram negative (def./func.)
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One or few layers of peptidoglycan.
Have outer membrane (protective, binds hosts, regulates crossing of molecules; lipopolysaccharides provide antigenic specificity and serve as endotoxin). |
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Cell Wall : Acid-fast (def./func.)
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Very little peptidoglycan.
Mycolic acids and waxes prevent drying out and vary resistant environment, incl. stains and antibiotics. |
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Prokaryotes : Internal Cell Structures (6)
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Plasma membrane
Cytoplasm Nucleoid Ribosomes Inclusions Endospores |
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Plasma Membrane : Structure (2)
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Phospholipid bilayer
Proteins |
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Proteins : peripheral vs. integral
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Peripheral (on outside) - can be involved in signaling, support, enzymes.
Integral (embedded in membrane) - can be involved in transport across membrane and signaling. |
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Fluid Mosaic Model (desc.)
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Dynamic arrangement of phospholipids and proteins.
Phospholipids and protein molecules in membrane are not static but move quite freely within membrane surface. |
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Plasma Membrane : Transport Mechanisms (4)
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Passive transport (down concentration gradient)
Active transport (up concentration gradient) Endocytosis (eukaryotic cells) Exocytosis (eukaryotic cells) |
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Passive Transport Mechanisms (3)
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Simple diffusion
Facilitated diffusion Osmosis |
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Simple Diffusion (def.)
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Net movement of molecules or ions from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration.
Movement continues until molecules/ions are evenly distributed (equilibrium). |
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Facilitated Diffusion (def.)
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Substance transported with help of transporter protein.
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Osmosis (def.)
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Net movement of solvent molecules (water) across a selectively permeable membrane from high to low concentration.
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Active Transport (def.)
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Requires use of energy (ATP) to move substances across membrane, against concentration gradient.
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Cytoplasm (def.)
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Substance of the cell inside the plasma membrane.
80% water; contains proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, inorganic ions, and many low-molecular-weight compounds. |
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Nucleoid (def.)
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Holds DNA in bacterial chromosome.
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Ribosomes (def.)
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Site of protein synthesis.
Composed of protein and a type of RNA called ribosomal RNA (rRNA). Some antibiotics inhibit protein synthesis on ribosomes. |
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Inclusions (def.)
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Reserve deposits.
Can be called granules or end in "-some" (e.g. magnetosome). |
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Endospores (def.)
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Resting/dormant cell of gram-positive bacteria, e.g. anthrax.
Dehydrated cell w/ thick walls, additional layers. Spore formation is triggered by unfavorable conditions. Return to vegetative state by germination. |
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Eukaryotic Organelles (8)
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Nucleus ("control center")
Endoplasmic reticulum ("manufacturing center") Golgi complex ("post office") Vacuole ("storage & recycling plant") Lysosomes ("digestive system") Micochondria ("power house") Chloroplasts ("solar power plant") Peroxisomes ("detox center") |
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Eykaryotes : Nucleus
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"Control Center"
Holds DNA in form of chromatin (DNA + protein); chromosomes are the DNA part. Nucleolus is center for ribosome assembly. Nuclear envelope is a double membrane; nuclear pores allow RNA to exit. |
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Eykaryotes : Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)
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"Manufacturing Center"
Consists of flattened tubes called cisternae; lumen on inside. Rough ER has ribosomes; proteins made and translocated into lumen. Smooth ER has no ribosomes; used for lipid and carbohydrate metabolism; detoxification. Buds vesicles to golgi. |
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Eykaryotes : Golgi Complex
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"Post Office"
Sorts incoming proteins and lipids. "Tags" or modifies some for destination. Packages them for final destination in vesicles. |
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Eykaryotes : Vacuole
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"Storage and Recycling Plant"
Like a large vesicle. Stores water, food, salts, pigments, and wastes. |
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Eykaryotes : Lysosomes
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"Digestive System"
Contains hydrolytic enzymes at low pH; digests all classes of macromolecules. |
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Tay-Sachs Disease (cause/result)
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Genetic; caused by missing digestive enzyme to digest lipids. Lipids build up and kill cell. Death occurs in children.
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Eykaryotes : Mitochondria
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"Powerhouse"
Produce ATP from glucose. Structure: double membrane, cristae (folds), matrix have all enzymes. |
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Eykaryotes : Chloroplasts
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"Solar Power Plant"
Plastids that produce and store food. Makes glucose using chlorophyll and carotenoids. Three membranes: thylakoid (inner most), grana, stroma. |
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Eykaryotes : Peroxisomes
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"Detox Center"
Metabolizes small organic compounds, e.g. H2O2 and ethanol. |
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Endosymbiosis (theory)
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Organelles evolved from prokaryotes.
Larger heterotrophic bacteria engulfs a smaller one and cannot digest it. They enter a symbiotic relationship. Larger one gets energy, smaller one gets shelter. |
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Evidence of Endosymbiosis
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Unique DNA and proteins.
Similar size and structure to bacteria. Symbionts (e.g. paramecium w/ algae in it). |