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58 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Define the term microbiology
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The branch of biology that deals with microorganisms and their effects on other living organisms.
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Describe some of the different disciplines (areas of study) that are considered part of microbiology
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Biology
Zoology Botany |
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Compare spontaneous generation and biogenesis
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Spontaneous generation: the doctrine that held that non-living matter could spontaneously give rise to living organisms.
Biogenesis: The principle that living organisms develop only from other living organisms and not from nonliving matter. |
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What did Jenner contribute to Microbiology?
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Jenner work to develope a method of inoculation against smallpox did show that contagion, however transmitted, could be interrupted.
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What important contribution was made by Pasteur?
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Louis Pasteur proposed that germs cause infectious disease. He formulated the 'germ theory of disease.'
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What important contribution was made by Lister?
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Joseph Lister was a British physician who introduced the principles of sterile surgery to his practice. He wrote a paper on disease to suggest that microbes were responsible for postsurgical gangrene and other sugical complications.
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What important contribution was made by Koch:
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Koch's postulates a series of procedures by which a specific microorganism can be related to a specific infectious disease.
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What important contribution was made by Ehrlich?
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Synthesized a "magic bullet" for syphilis
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What important contribution was made by Fleming?
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Discovered Penicillin
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What is the germ theory of disease?
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The germ theory of disease holds which holds that microorganisms are responsible for infectious disease.
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What is the purpose of Koch's postulates?
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A series of procedures by which a specific microorganism can be related to a specific infectious disease.
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Explain the first step of Koch's Postulate.
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The same microorganisms are present in every case of the disease.
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Explain the second step of Koch's Postulate.
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The microorganisms are isolated from the tissues of a dead animal, and a pure culture is prepared.
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Explain the third step of Koch's Postulate.
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Microorganisms from the pure culture are inoculated into a healthy, susecptible animal. The disease is reproduced.
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Explain the fourth step of Koch's Postulate.
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The identical microorganism are isolated and re-cultivated from the tissue specimens of the experimental animal.
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Why are fungi not considered plants?
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* polysaccharide chitin in fungal cells walls but not in plant walls.
* Fungi do not carry out photsynthesis * absorb and use preformed organic matter from the environment as their nutritional source. |
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Describe the reproduction and nutrition of fungi.
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* reproduce asexually and sexually.
* asexually when nutrients and water are abundant * sexually when nutrients and water are scarce. |
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Give Examples of useful fungi.
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Yeasts-
* for foods and drinks such as bread and beer. * Medicines such as Penicillium notatum. * Industrial processes depend on certain species of fungus. * Some water fungi are important in natural decomposition of sewage. |
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Give Examples of Pathogenic fungi.
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Agriculture-black smut, rust, potato blight, aflatoxin
Human pathogens - molds dematomycoses - ringworm - athlete's foot. |
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Name two protozoan diseases:
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1) Plasmodium sp. Malaria
2) Giardia - giardiasis (form of dysentery) |
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What are pinworms? How are they transmitted?
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Pinworm is a roundworm called enterobius vermicularis.
They are transmitted by bedding, clothing, or contaminated fingers. |
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Describe trichinosis.
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Parasite that is found in pork and pork products. Cause by the small round worm Trichinella spiralis.
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Describe two ways in which tape worms are transmitted.
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improper cooking, not washing hands, dog licking face.
Prevented by proper cooking, freezing and avoid affected dogs. |
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What are the three domains?
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Bacteria - Archaea - Eukaryote
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List the four kingdoms of Eukarya.
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Fungi - Protists - Animals - Plants
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Give an example of fungi.
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Mushrooms, molds and yeasts
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Give an example of Protists:
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Unicellular algae and Protozoa
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Give an example of Animals.
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Insects, Vertebrates, Mollusc, Roundworms, Jelly fish, sponges, starfish.
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Give an example of plants.
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Flowering plants, green algae, brown algae, golden algae, red algae.
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Bacteria contain bacterial rRNA, rRNA that is unique to the Bacteria as indicated by the presence molecular regions distinctly different from the rRNA of __________ and ___________.
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Archaea and Eukarya
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Give examples of bacteria genera.
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mycoplasmas, Cyanobateria, Gram-positve bacteria and Gram-negative bacteria.
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Describe some characteristics of Archae.
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*Archaea are prokaryotic cells.
*Archaea have membranes composed of branched hydrocarbon chains attached to glycerol by ether linkages. * cell walls contain no peptidoglycan * not sensitive to some antibiotics that affect Eukarya. *Contain archaela rRNA, |
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What is binomial nomclature?
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The system of scientific classification and identification of species in which each is identified by its genus and species.
Example: Homo sapiens |
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Give examples of bacteria with there scientific names written correctly.
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Staphylococcus epidermidis
Streptococcus pneumonia Bacillus magaterium Escherichia coli |
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What is a bacterial species?
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a population of cells with similar characteristics
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What is a strain?
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A variation within a species.
Ex: E. Coli and E. Coli 0157:H7 |
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What are the three divisions of bacteria based on cell wall?
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1. Gracilicutes -thin walled Gram -
2. Firmicutes - Thick walled, Gram + 3. Tenericutes - Wall-less, soft, no rigid cell wall (weak walled), very little Peptoglycan. |
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What criteria are used in classifying bacteria?
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-stucture
-nutrition -reproduction |
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Define the term virus.
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Tiny acellular (non-living obligate intracellular parasite)
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Give several reasons why viruses are not considred living organisms.
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No cellular structures, membranes, cytoplasm.
DNA or RNA not both no water no growth No ATP synthesis |
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What criteria are used to classify viruses?
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Families, nucleic acid & species
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Give an example of (species or common name) of an animal virus for each of the four different types of nucleic acid discussed in class. Include the family for each.
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+RNA
++RNA -RNA DNA |
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List and describe the five steps in the lytic (virulent)cycle of bacteriophase.
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1. Attachement
2. Penetration 3. Biosynthesis 4. Assembly 5. Lysis |
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Lytic cycle of a virus
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attachment
penetration penetration (injects DNA) biosynthesis assemby lysis |
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Lysogenic (laten) cycle of a virus
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Attachment & Pennetration
prophage formation (latent)* or induction* biosynthesis assembly release (lysis) |
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Describe the six stages of animal viral multiplication.
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Penetration
biosynthesis latency release |
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What is a provirus?
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a virus that never leaves the cell
A DNA virus |
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What is the function of reverse transcriptase?
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Turns an RNA into a cDNA
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What are some of the possible effects of a virus on an animal cell?
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cytopathic effects
cytocidal lysis cells |
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Characteristics of a Gram +
Color___________ Peptidoglycan layer____________ Teicholic Acid_____________ Lipoprotein outer layer Lipid content (LPS)__________ Toxin Produced__________ Susceptibility to Penicillin (PCN)______ Resistance to drying or rupturing_________ Examples of genus________ |
Purple or blue
thick yes no no exotoxins yes yes Bacillus |
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Characteristics of a Gram -
Color___________ Peptidoglycan layer____________ Teicholic Acid_____________ Lipoprotein outer layer Lipid content (LPS)__________ Toxin Produced__________ Susceptibility to Penicillin (PCN)______ Resistance to drying or rupturing_________ Examples of genus________ |
Red-pink
thin no yes yes endotoxin no no Salmonella |
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What is the Science of Classification. The study of classifying organs and how closly related they are?
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Taxonomy
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The broadest categories of Taxonomy
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3 domains
Eukarya/Bacteria/archea |
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The narrowest Categories of Taxonomy.
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Genus and Species
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The Kingdom Protist is ____________ but complext, cell has a ____________, nutrition via ____________ for animal-like protists. _____________ or ___________ for plant like protists:__________ alge.
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unicellular but complex, cell has a nucleus, nutrition via "eating' for animal like protists. Protozoans or photosynthesis for plant-like protist:unicellular alge.
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The characteristics of the kingdom Fungi. _________, similar to pants but no_____________, nutrution via _____________ of _______ _________ matter. Includes___________, yeasts and _______.
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Multicellular/photsynthesis, absorbtion of dead organic. muschooms, yeasts and molds.
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Charcteristics of the kingdom "Plants".
____________, ___________ cells, _____________. Includes the green ___________. |
Multicellular, nucleated cells, photosynthesic. Includes the green plants.
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The charcteristics of the Kingdom 'Animals'__________, ___________ cells, nutrition via____________. Includes: insects, __________, fish, and _____________ such as man.
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multicellular, nucleated cells, nurition via 'eating'. Includes: insects, birds, fish and mammals such as man.
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