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88 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
What are capnophiles?
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Thrive in higher levels of CO2 (5-10%)
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Give two example of capnophiles.
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Haemophilus influenzae
Campylobacter jejuni |
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Superoxide dismutase
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converts oxygen radicals into hydrogen peroxide
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catalase
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converts hydrogen peroxide into water and oxygen
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Requires oxygen
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obligate aerobe
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Example of obligate aerobe
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Pseudomonas aeruginosa
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Label each thioglycollate tube to indicate the oxygen requirements of the microbes growing in them and give a microorganism example of each.
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A) Obligate aerobes
Pseudomonas aeruginosa B) Obligate anaerobes Clostridium botulinum C.) Facultative anaerobes Escherichia Coli D.) Aerotolerant anaerobes Propionibacterium acnes |
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Define microaerophile and give an example.
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Prefers lower than atmospheric oxygen level.
Campylobacter jejuni |
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How does salt and sugar effect osmotic pressure?
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Salt and sugar draws water out of the interior of the cells.
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Give an example of a halophile.
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Staphylococcus aureus
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What is a pure culture?
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one organism
colony from one cell |
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What is the streak plate method?
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The most commonly used for of isolation in which a sterile loop is used to inoculate an agar plate using a serious of streaks.
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What is the pour plate method?
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The initial sample is diluted with a serous of transfers and the final dilutions are mixed with warm agar.
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Define culture media.
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liquid or gel designed to support the growth of microorganisms.
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What is defined media?
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synthetic medium in which the exact chemical composition is known.
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Define complex media.
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contains nutrients released by the partial digestion of yeast, beef, soy, or proteins such as casein from milk. The exact composition is unknown because the digestion releases byproducts.
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Define differential media
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the media helps to differentiate the organisms on the agar plate
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Selective media
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Either favors or inhibits the growth of selected microorganisms
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Enrichment media
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enriched in order to grow less dominant species
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What are the methods of preserving cultures?
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Refrigeration
deep-freezing (-50 to -95C) Lyophilization (freeze-drying) |
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What are reference cultures and who makes them?
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cultures created for lab use. ATCC: American Type Culture Collection
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define catabolism
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breakdown or release of energy (exergonic)
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Define anabolism
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uses energy to build up molecules. (endergonic)
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Define Oxidation and Reduction
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Oxidation is loss of e-
reduction is gain of e- |
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define metabolism
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sum of all chemical processes carried out by living organisms
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NAD and FAD
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Derived from vitamins and serve as e- carriers
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What are enzymes?
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end with -ase
remain unchanged increase rate of run decrease activation energy |
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factors that effect rxn rate
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pH
temperature substrate concentration |
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What is a competitive inhibitor?
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Occurs when alternate substrate has similar composition to the usual substrate.
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What is allosteric inhibition?
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When an enzyme has a secondary active site that binds a substrate thereby altering the configuration and inhibiting the active site.
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What is feedback inhibition?
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Regulation of enzymatic pathway in which the product of the pathway acts as an allosteric inhibitor.
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What are the steps of aerobic respiration?
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pyruvate oxidation
the Krebs cycle Oxidative phosphorylation Forms 36 ATP per glucose molecule |
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What is the starting molecule of glycolysis?
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Glucose
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What is the final end molecule of glycolysis?
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pyruvic acid
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What is the total direct, total indirect and the net ATP production in glycolysis?
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Glycolysis uses 2 ATP
Total direct is 4 ATP Total Indirect is 6 ATP Net Total is 2 ATP |
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How many ATP are made from each NAD+?
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3 ATP indirectly made from NAD+
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What is the net output from glycolysis. List all molecules not just ATP
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2 ATP
2 NADH 2 Pyruvate |
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What is the net output from glycolysis. List all molecules not just ATP
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2 ATP
2 NADH 2 Pyruvate |
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What are the net products of the synthesis of acetyl-CoA from one molecule of glucose from glycolysis.
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2 acetyl-CoA
2 CO2 2 NADH |
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Where does the Krebs cycle occur in prokaryotes? Eukaryotes?
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Cytosol of prokaryotes
Mitochondria of eukaryotes |
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What is the net output of the Krebs cycle per each molecule of glucose that enters glycolysis?
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2 molecules of ATP
2 molecules of FADH2 6 molecules of NADH 4 molecules of CO2 |
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What is the difference between aerobic respiration and anaerobic respiration.
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Aerobic respiration uses oxygen as final electron accepter.
Anaerobic respiration uses molecule other than oxygen as final electron acceptor. |
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How many ATP are formed from the electron transport chain (ETC) from one molecule of glucose entering glycolysis.
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34 ATP
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What is the starting product and the end product of the Krebs cycle?
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Starting product = Acetyl-CoA
End Product = Oxaloacetic acid |
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How many NADH and FADH2 are formed during the Krebs Cycle from one glucose molecule?
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6 NADH
2 FADH2 |
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How many NADH are formed from one molecule of glucose from the production of acetyl-CoA from pyruvate?
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2 NADH
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What are two alternative pathways to glycolysis?
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Pentose phosphate pathway
Entner-Doudoroff pathway |
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What is the purpose of alternative pathways to glycolysis?
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Produces different metabolites needed in anabolic pathways and reduces coenzymes, however it produces fewer molecules of ATP that glycolysis.
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The Pentose Phosphate Pathway
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The Pentose Phosphate Pathway.
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The Entner-Doudoroff Pathway.
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The Entner-Doudoroff Pathway.
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Why does fermentation occur?
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Sometimes cells cannot completely oxidize glucose by cellular respiration. An organic molecule within the cell acts as final electron acceptor.
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What determines the fermentation products an organism produces
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Enzymes and available substrates.
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Give an example of an organism that uses the Entner-Doudoroff pathway
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Pseudomonas aeruginosa
(strict aerobe) |
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Give an example of an organism that uses the pentose phosphate pathway.
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Escherichia coli
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Give an example of an organism that uses the fermentation pathway.
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Saccharomyces cerevisiae
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Destruction of all microorganisms in or on an object
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sterilization
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Destruction of most microorganisms on nonliving tissue. Kills everything but acid fast and endospores.
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disinfection
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Reduction in the number of microorganisms and viruses, particularly potential pathogens, on living tissue (sanitize to disinfect)
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antiseptic
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lowers the number of pathogenic microbes to meet public health standards
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sanitization
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Bacteriocidal vs bacteriostatic
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bacteriocidal kills the microbe
bacteriostatic inhibits growth |
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What are the factors that affect microbial death rate?
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1.) Number of organisms
2.) Species and life cycle (endospore and acid fast) 3.) agent concentration 4.) exposure time 5.) environmental (pH, temp, media) |
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The relative susceptibility of microbes to antimicrobial agents
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Fig 9.2
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what are the conditions for autoclaving?
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15 min at 121C and 15 psi
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What qualities does the ideal disinfectant possess?
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1.) Fast acting
2.) Effective on all microbes w/o destroying tissue 3.) penetrates material w/o damaging or discoloring 4.) easy to prepare and stable 5.) cheap and easy to obtain 6.) no odor |
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Study table 9.5
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Study table 9.5
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Study table 9.5
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Study table 9.5
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Study table 9.5
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Describe replication.
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Replication is the process of duplicating the cell's genome. It begins at the origin and terminates at the origin or the end of a linear DNA molecule
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Describe Transcription.
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Transcription is the process of RNA synthesis. It begins at the promotor and terminates at the terminator.
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Describe translation.
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Translation is the process of polypeptide synthesis. It begins at the AUG start codon and terminates at the UAA, UAG, or UGA stop codons.
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The Structure of Nucleic Acids
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The Structure of Nucleic Acids
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A:T and G:C in DNA
A:U and G:C in RNA A:T, A:U has 2 H bonds G:C has 3 H Bons |
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Describe the process of DNA replication.
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a.) initial process-DNA unzips and forms replication fork
b.) Synthesis of leading strand- continuous synthesis occurs from 5' to 3' c.) Synthesis of Lagging strand- discontinuous synthesis of the lagging strand which moves away from replication fork |
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How does DNA replication differ in prokaryotes?
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DNA replication is bidirectional meaning that replication starts at the origin and proceeds in both directions.
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How can a single prokaryotic mRNA cod for several polypeptides?
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This figure shows how a single mRNA molecule has transcripts of three genes encoding three polypeptides.
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What are the coding and non coding regions of RNA called?
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The coding regions are called Exons and the non-coding regions which are removed are called Introns.
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What does transcription occur in prokaryotes and eukaryotes?
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Prokaryotes - cytoplasm
Eukaryotes - nucleus |
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What are the types of RNA?
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1.) messenger (mRNA)
2.) ribosomal (rRNA) binding site for tRNA 3.) transfer (tRNA) transfers AA from cytoplasm to ribosomes for protein synthesis. Anticodon to mRNA codons. |
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What is the composition of eukaryotic and prokaryotic ribosomes?
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Eukaryotes have have an 80s ribosome composed of 60S and 40S subunits
Prokaryotes have an 70S ribosome composed of 50S and 30S subunits |
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What does the S stand for in 80S ribosome?
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Svedburg unit- sedimentation coefficients
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What is the end of the tRNA complimentary to the mRNA called?
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Anticodon
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How does initiation of translation occur?
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1.) the small ribosomal subunit attaches to mRNA a t ribosome binding site near a start codon (AUG)
2.) the anticodon of tRNA (fMET) aligns with the start codon on the mRNA 3.) The large ribosomal subunit attaches to for an initiation complex. |
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Which direction does the ribosome travel during translation.
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The ribosome moves from 5' end to 3' end using energy from GTP to move one codon at a time at about 15 AA/sec.
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What is the most common type of mutation?
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Point mutation- one base pair is affected
example: insertions, deletion, and substitutions |
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What is a silent mutation?
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a point mutation that changes one base pair but does not change the amino acid sequence.
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What are silent, missense and nonsense mutations?
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1.) Silent- point mutation that does note effect AA sequence
2.) Missense - point mutation that changes AA sequence. 3.) Nonsense - point mutation that creates a stop codon and ends polypeptide synthesis |
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What is a frameshift insertion and frameshift deletion?
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Frameshift insertion - insertion of an extra nucleotide thereby shifting the nucleotide triplets by one.
Frameshift deletion - nucleotide omission resulting in shift in opposite direction by one nucleotide. |