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72 Cards in this Set
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Innate Immunity
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1) The immunity that is present at birth. They are always present and available to provide a rapid response.
2) Innate immunity does not involve specific recognition of a microbe 3) It is the first (Skin and Mucous) and second (Natural killer cells, etc) line of defense 4) The early warning system to stop microbes from entering and kill those that do |
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Adaptive Immunity
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1) Adaptive immunity is based on a specific response to a specific microbe once a microbe has breached the innate immunity defenses.
2) Slower to respond 3) Has a memory component 4) Involves lymphocytes, T and B cells |
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Innate Immunity: First Line of Defense
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1) Intact skin
2)Mucous membranes and their secretions 3)Normal Microbiota |
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Innate immunity: Second line of Defense
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1) Phagocytes, such as neutrophils, eosinophils, dendritic cells, and macrophages.
2) Inflammation 3) Fever 4) Antimicrobial substances |
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Adaptive immunity: Third line of Defense
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1) Specialized Lymphocytes: T cells and B cells
2) Antibodies |
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First Line of Defense: The Dermis
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The skin's thicker, inner portion is composed of connective tissue.
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Toll-Like Receptors (TLRs)
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Protein receptors that activate the response of the Innate immune system. TLRs attach to Pathogen associated Molecular patterns and induce defense cells to release cytokines
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First Line of Defense: The Epidermis
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The outer thinner portion of skin that is in direct contact with the external environment. The top layer of epidermal cells is dead and contains a protective protein called Keratin.
Periodic shedding helps remove microbes from the surface. Dryness of the skin helps inhibit microbial growth Closely packed cells and continuous layering keep microbes from penetrating skin Microbes may enter if this layer is broken from burns, cuts, stab wounds etc. |
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First Line of Defense: Mucous Membrane
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Consists of an epithelial layer and an underlying connective tissue layer. They line the entire gastrointestinal, genitourinary, and respiratory tracts
Secretes a fluid called Mucus, a slightly viscous glycoprotein produced by goblet cells. |
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Mucus
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a slightly viscous glycoprotein produced by goblet cells.
Traps microorganisms that enter The nose has Mucus coated hairs Keeps the tracts from dessication though certain bacteria can thrive in Mucus and penetrate the membrane |
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Lacrimal Apparatus
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A group of structures that manufacture and drains away tears to protect the eyes
Maintains a continual washing action |
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Saliva
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Saliva is produced by the salivary glands and helps dilute the numbers of microorganisms and wash them from both the surface of the teeth and the mucus membrane of the mouth.
* Saliva contains an enzyme and other substances that inhibit growth such as Lysozymes, urea, and uric acid |
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Cilia and the Ciliary Elevator
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The lower respiratory tract is covered in tiny hairs called Cilia.
The Cilia move synchronously to propel trapped dust and microbes upward toward the throat (the elevator) |
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Epiglottis
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Small lid of cartilage that covers the Larynx (voice box) during swallowing
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First line of defense: Urine and Vaginal secretions
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Both help to prevent microbial colonization by moving microorganisms out of the body
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First Line of Defense: Peristalsis, defecation and vomiting
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Peristalsis is a series of coordinated contractions that propel food along the gastrointestinal tract
This results in defecation or vomiting |
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First Line of Defense
Chemical Factors: Sebum |
An oily substance produced by the Sebaceous (oil) glands.
Sebum forms a protective film over the surface of skin Sebum is partially made of fatty and lactic acids that cause low PH (between 3 and 5) and inhibits bacterial growth |
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First Line of Defense
Chemical Factors: Perspiration |
Produced by the sweat glands, perspiration helps maintain body temperature, eliminate certain wastes and flush microorganisms from the surface of the skin
**** Sweat contains Lysozyme, an enzyme capable of breaking down cell walls of gram Positive bacteria (some Gram negative) |
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Acne
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Bacteria that can metabolize sebum create free fatty acid, that cause an inflammatory response associated with acne
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Body Odor
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Bacteria live commensally on the skin and decompose sloughed off skin cells. The resultant organic molecules and end-products or their metabolism, Produce Body Odor
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First Line of Defense:
Chemical Factors: Gastric Juices |
Produced by glands in the stomach. Very acidic and sufficient to destroy bacteria and most bacterial toxins
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Vaginal Secretions
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Chemical: Low PH inhibits microbial growth
Physical: Secretion moves bacteria from body |
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Urine
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Chemical: Includes lysozymes an acidic PH and lacic acid
Physical: Removes microbes from body, inhibits colonization |
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Gastric Juices: C. botulinum and S.aureus
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These bacteria are not destroyed by gastric juices
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Gastric Juices: Heliobacter pylori
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Can neutralize gastric juices that allows it to grow in stomach.
Initiates an Immune response that results in Gastritis and Ulcers |
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Normal Flora and Innate Immunity: Candida albicans
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Normal flora in the vagina alters PH and inhibits the growth of Candida albicans
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Normal Flora and Innate Immunity: E. Coli
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In the large intestines, E. coli produce bacteriocins that inhibits growth of salmonella and shingella
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Leukocytes
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Are white blood cells that fall into two catagories, Granulocytes and agranulocytes.
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Granulocytes
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Have large granules that can be seen with a microscope. There are three types
1) Neutrophils 2) Basophils 3) Eosinophils |
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Neutrophils
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1) Most numerous.
2) They are highly phagocytic and motile. 3) Active in the initial stages of infection 4) Can leave the blood, enter infected tissues, and destroy foreign microbes |
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Basophils
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Produce Histamine important in inflammation and allergic responses
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Eosinophils
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Somewhat phagocytic and have the ability to leave blood.
Major function is to produce toxic proteins against certain parasites |
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Agranulocytes
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Have granules but they can't be seen under a microscope. Three types:
1) Monocytes 2) Dendritic Cells 3) Lymphocytes |
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Monocytes
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Monocytes are not actively phagocytic until they leave circulating blood and mature into macrophages.
Macrophages remove microorganisms through phagocytosis Macrophages also dispose of worn out blood cells |
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Dendritic Cells
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Derived from monocytes, they are especially abundant in the epidermis of the skin.
Dendritic cells destroy microbes through Phagocytosis and initiate immune response |
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Lymphocytes
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include 3 types
1) Natural Killer Cells 2) T Cells 3) B Cells |
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Natural Killer Cells (NK)
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Found in the blood and in the spleen, lymph nodes and red bone marrow.
NK destroy target cells by cytolysis and apoptosis |
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How do Natural Killer Cells work?
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1) NK cells attack any cell that displays abnormal or unusual surface proteins.
2) The binding to a target cell causes the release of vesicles containing toxin substances such as Perforin, which inserts into the plasma membrane. 3) As a result, extracellular fluid flows into the target cell and the cell bursts (cytolosis) 4) NK cells also release Granzymes, which are protein digesting enzymes that induce the cell to undergo apoptosis (self destruction). This kills the cell but not the microbe. The microbe is released that can be consumed through phagocytosis |
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Leukocytosis
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An increase in white blood cells are a protective response to fight microbes
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Leukopenia
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Impaired white cell production of the effect of increased sensitivity of white blood cell membranes to complement
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Differential White Blood Cell Count
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The calculation of the percentage of each type of white cell
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Lymphatic nodes
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Lymph nodes are the sites of activation of T cells and B cells, which destroy microbes by immune response.
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The Lymphatic system: The Spleen
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Contains lymphocytes and macrophages that monitor the blood for microbes and secreted products.
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The Lymphatic system: The thymus
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The site of T cell maturation. It also contains dendritic cells and macrophages
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The Lymphatic system: The Tonsils and Peyer's Patch
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Both are large aggregations of Lymphatic tissue designed to protect against microbes that are ingested or inhaled
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Phagocyte
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Cells that perform phagocytosis
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Phagocytosis
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The means by which the body counter acts infection when certain cells consume microbes and destroy them
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What are the mechanisms of Phagocytosis? (7 Mechanisms)
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1) Chemotaxis and adheranceof microbe to phagocyte
2) Ingestion of microbe by phagocyte 3) Formation of phagosome 4) Fusion of the phagosome with a lysosome to form a phagolysosome 5) Digestion of ingested microbe by enzymes 6) Formation of residual body containing indigestible material 7) Discharge of wast materials |
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Fixed macrophages
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Resident in certain tissues and organs of the body. (liver, lungs, nervous system, spleen, etc)
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The Mechanism of Phagocytosis: Chemotaxis
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The chemical attraction of phagocytes to microorganisms
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The Mechanism of Phagocytosis: Adherence
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The attachment of the phagocyte's plasma membrane to the surface of the microorganism or other foreign material
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The Mechanism of Phagocytosis: Opsonization
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The coating of a microorganism with serum proteins so that it can be more easily phagocytized. These proteins promote attachment of the microorganisms to the phagocyte
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The Mechanism of Phagocytosis: Ingestion
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The plasma membrane of the phagocyte extends projections called pseudopods that engulf the organism
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The Mechanism of Phagocytosis: Phagosome
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After the organism is engulfed, the sac is called a phagosome
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The Mechanism of Phagocytosis: Digestion
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Within the cytoplasm, it comes into contact with lysosomes that contain digestive enzymes and bactericidal substances
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The Mechanism of Phagocytosis: Phagolysosome
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On contact with a lysosome, the phagosome and lysosome fuse to become a phagolysosome where the contents are digested
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The Mechanism of Phagocytosis: Residual Body
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the indigestible portion
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The Mechanism of Phagocytosis: Discharge
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The residual body is discharged as waste
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List the stages of inflamation
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After tissue damage
*A) Tissue Damage 1) Chemicals such as histamine, kinins, prostaglandins etc. are released by damaged cells 2) Blood clot forms 3) Abscess starts to form *B) Vasodilation and increased permeability of blood vessels 4) Marginization- phagocytes stick to the endotheium *C) Phagocyte Migration and phagocytosis 5) Diapedesis - Phagocytes squeeze between endothelial cells 6) Phagocytosis of invading bacteria *D) Tissue repair |
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The four signs and symptoms of inflammation
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1) Redness
2) Pain 3) Heat 4) Swelling |
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Inflammation: Vasodilation
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Increases blood flow to the damaged area and is responsible for redness and associated heat
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Inflammation: Increased permeability
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Permits defensive substances normally retained within the blood to pass through the walls and into the injured area. This is responsible for the edema (increase in fluid)
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Inflammation: Kinins
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Help cause vasodilation and increased permeability. Play a role in chemotaxis by attracting granulocytes, chiefly neutrophils
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Inflammation: Prostoglandins
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Intensify the effect of histamine and kinins and help phagocytes move through capillary walls.
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Inflammation: Leukotrienes
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Produced by mast cells and basophils. Cause increased permeability of blood vessels and help attach phagocytes to pathogens
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The Cause and effects of Fever
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Is an abnormally high body temperature.
Cause: The destruction of gram negative bacteria by phagocytosis, the cytokine interleukin 1 is released along with others. IL1 causes the hypothalamus to release prostoglandins that reset the hypothalamic pressure Effects: The raised temperature causes the body to shiver, raise metabolism, and constrict blood vessels IL1 also helps to step up T cell production |
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The Complement System: Outcomes of complement activation Fig. 16.9
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1) Inactivated C3 splits into activated C3a and C3b
2) C3b binds to microbe, resulting in Opsonization 3) C3b splits C5 into C5a and C5b 4) C5b, C6, C7, and C8 bind together sequentially and insert into the microbial plasma membrane. C5b through C8 act as a receptor to attract a C9 fragment, and additional C9 fragments are added to form a channel. Together, C5b through C8 and the multiple C9 fragments form the membrane attack complex, resulting in cytolosis 5) C3a and C5a cause mast cells to release histamine, resulting in inflammation; C5a attracts phagocytes |
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The Complement System: The Classical pathway (16.12)
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Classic pathway includes antibodies.
1) C1 is activated by binding antigen-antibody complexes 2) Activated C1 splits C2 into C2a and C2b, and C4 into C4a and C4b 3) C2a and C4b combine and activate C3.... 3) |
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The Complement System: The Alternative pathway (16.13)
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No antibodies involved.
1) C3 combines with factors B, D, P on the surface of a microbe 2) This cause C3 to split into fragments C3a and C3b ... |
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The Complement System: The Lectin pathway
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Cytokines stimulate the liver to release Lectin Proteins
1) Lectin binds to invading cell 2) Bound Lectin splits C2 and C4 3) C2a and C4b combine and activate C3 |
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Interferons (IFNs)
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The infected host counters viral infections with a family of cytokines that interfere with viral replication
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Interferons (IFNs): Antiviral action of IFNs (16.15)
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1) Viral RNA from an infecting virus enters the cell
2) The virus replicates 3) The host cell produces Interferon 4) The IFNs bind to the plasma membrane of an uninfected neighboring cell 5) The neighboring cell is induced to produce antiviral proteins (AVPs) 6) Released virus infects neighboring cells 7) AVPs degrade viral mRNA |