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87 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Mutation
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modification in the base sequence of DNA in a gene resulting in an alteration in the protein encoded by the gene.
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What is a negative result of mutations?
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Cause cancer
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Genotype
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Properties of a cell determined by its DNA composition
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Auxotrophic
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Mutant microorganism that required an organic growth factor.
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Phototrophic
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Organisms that use light as a source of energy
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Parent Strain
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Refers to the original strain of a bacterium used in an experiment; term is often used in place of wild-type strain.
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Phenotype
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The characteristics displayed by an organism in any given environment.
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Spontaneous Mutations
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Discredited theory that organisms can arise from non-living matter.
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What are 3 types of spontaneous mutations?
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Base substitution
Removal or addition of nucleotide Transposable elements |
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How do spontaneous mutations occur
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Without the addition of agents.
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Base Substitution
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Substitution that doesn't normally occur. Mix up of the base pairs.
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Removal or Addition of Nucleotide
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Also called frameshift mutation.
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Transposable Elements
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Genes that can jump down the chromosome. Jumping genes.
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Induced Mutations
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Mutation that results from the organism being treated with an agent that alters its DNA. Caused by humans.
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Chamical Mutagens
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Any chemical treatment that alters a purine or primidine. One is used to inhibit HIV.
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Transposition
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Jumping genes are added to culture and form mutations which change the DNA structure.
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Radiation
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A way to induce mutations with UV and XRAY.
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Two types of radiation
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UV and XRay
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Are pure cultures really pure?
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No. There will be mutants.
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Natural Selection
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Mutants can respond to the changing environment. Selection by the environment of those cells best able to grow in that environment.
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Name 3 types of mutant selection.
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Direct Selection
Indirect Selection Conditional Lethal Mutants |
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Direct Selection
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Technique of selecting mutants by plating organisms on a medium on which the desired mutants but not the parent will grow.
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Indirect Selection
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Technique for isolating mutants and identifying organisms unable to grow on a medium on which the parents do grow; often involves replica plating.
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Conditional Lethal Mutants
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Mutant that under some environmental conditions will grow, with lethal results, but under other conditions will not grow.
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DNA-mediated Transformation
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Actual pieces of DNA from a lysed cell insert themselves into a new bacterium.
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Transduction
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Bacteriophage (virus) infects the bacteria. Virus attaches to tcell wall of bacteria and dumps DNA into the cell.
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Bacteriophage
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A virus that infects bacteria.
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Conjugation
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Mechanism of gene transfer that involves cell to cell contact
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Plasmid Transfer
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Contact between donopr and recipient cells.
Activation of DNA transfer Plasmid transfer Synthesis of functional plasmid in the recipient and donor cells. |
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Plasmids
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Extra chromosomal material DNA that is independent of the chromosome. Most baceria do have plasmids.
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Extrachromosal
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Not part of the cell's chromosome.
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Replicons
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Pieces of DNA that are capable of replicating. Contains an origin of replication.
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Conjugation
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Means by which plasmids are transferred. Most common way of transfer in gram (-) rods.
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Host Range
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The range of cell types that a pathogen can infect.
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Two variations of the host range.
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Wide and Narrow
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R Plasmids
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Resistant plasmids. Plasmids that encode resistance to one of more antimicrobial medications and heavy metals.
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R Genes
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Part of an R Plasmid
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Resistance Transfer Ractor (RTF)
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Part of the R Plasmid that codes for the transfer of the plasmid to other bacteria by conjugation.
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What are 2 parts of the R Plasmids?
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R Genes
Resistance Transfer Factor |
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What does Wide Host Range mean?
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_____ Can multiply in many different species of bacteria.
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Hospital Environment
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A place where there are many resistant bacteria.
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Taxonomy
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Science that studies organisms in order to arrange them into groups. Organisms with similar properties are grouped together.
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Identification
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Characterizing organisms
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Classification
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Process of arranging organisms into similar or related groups primarily to privide easy identification and study.
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Nomenclature
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System of assigning names to organisms; a component of taxonomy.
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Name of the Taxonomic Hierarchies of Prokaryotes
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Domain - Kingdom -
Phylum (Division) - Class - Order - Family - Genus - Species. |
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What are the 3 domains
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Bacteria
Archaea Eukarya |
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What book shows the hierarchy of Bacteria?
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Bergeys Manual of Systematic Bacteriology
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What are 4 microscopic phenotypic characteristics?
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Size and shape
Gram stain Special stains Capsule |
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Gram Stain
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A quick, easy test to differentiate gram (+) from gram (-). Can be diagnostic.
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What is the first step in identifying unknown?
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Microscopic Morphology.
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Who invented the microscope?
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Lewanhook
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What is the second level of identification?
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Metabolic Differences
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What are culture characteristics?
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The characteristics we see on the plate of agar.
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What type of plate is used to grow staph and strep cultures?
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Blood agar plate
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Characteristics of Serratia marcescens
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Red, gram (-) rod.
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What are the characteristics of Pseudomonas aeruginosa?
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Lime green, gram (-) rod. Fruity smell.
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What are the characteristics of Streptococcus pyogens?
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Beta Hemolytic group A strep. Causes hemolysis on blood agar plate.
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What is one biochemical test?
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pH.
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What is dichotomous key?
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Like a flow chart. Used to identify unknowns.
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What are 3 commercial biochemical tests?
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API
Entertube Vitek/Microscan |
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A Catalase (+) bacteria.
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Staphylococcus
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A catalase (-) bacteria.
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Streptococcus.
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Serology
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Means of identification. Antibody/Antigen Reactions.
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Streptococcus pyogenies
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Causes strep throat
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Who discovered the identification of the strep groups?
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Lancefield.
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Fatty acid analysis
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A cumbersome research method done in research areas that is expensive.
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Gas Chromotography
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The method of viewing the results of fatty acid analysis.
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Do you need the living organism to identify an organism genotypically?
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No. The organism does not need to be living.
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Name 3 genotypic tests.
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Nucleic Acid Probe
Polymerase Chain Reaction Sequencing Ribosomal Unculturable Organisms. |
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Single stranded DNA
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A genotypic test that can be done on throat cultures.
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Hybridization
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Test done to detect gonorrhea and chlamidia.
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Biotype
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A strain that has a characteristic biochemical pattern different from other strains; also called a biovar.
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Serological Typing
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Type based on cellular and flagella antigens.
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Serotype
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A strain that has a characteristic antigenic structure that differs from other strains; also called a serovar.
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Antiobiogram
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Antibiotic susceptibility pattern; used to distinguish different bacterial strains.
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Antibiograms in hospital
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Statistical data that helps a doctor treat diseases.
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Susceptibility Patterns
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Listing of conditions in various hospitals and their rate of occurence.
Also, resistance in a given population. Trends. |
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Anaerobic Chemoorganotrophs
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Organisms that oxidize organic compounds such as glucose to obtain energy.
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Anaerobic Respiration
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The terminal electron acceptor can not be O2; usually sulfur or sulfate.
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Three characteristics of Sulfur- and sulfate reducing bacteria.
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Rotten egg hydrogen sulfide
Mud & water turn black Desulfovibrio (organism) |
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How do anaerobic chemoorganotrophs oxidize glucose?
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By fermentation
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Name an example of an anaerobic chemoorganotroph.
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Clostridium
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Name 4 characteristics about Clostridium
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Gram (+) rods
Can form endospores Most found in soil Cause tetanus, gangrene, botulism |
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Lactic Acid Bacteria
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Generate lactic acid as a major end product of their fermentative metabolism.
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Name some lactic acid bacteria
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Streptococcus
Enterococcus Lactococcus Lactobacillus Leonconostoc |
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Obligate Fermentors.
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Use pyruvate at final electron acceptor to produce lactic acid. They don't utilize O2.
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