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54 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
mention 5 diseases that can be caused by Staphylococcus aureus
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impetigo, furunculus, pneumonia, osteomyelitis, food poisoning.
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mention 2 toxin mediated staphylococcal diseases
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toxic shock syndrom (TSS), scalded skin syndrom, food poisoning
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mention 3 toxic products by staphyloccocus aureus
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TSST (toxic shock syndrome toxin), enterotoxin, exfoliatin, leukocidins, hemolysins.
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which enzymatic virulence factor is characteristic exclusively for Staphylococcus aureus?
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Coagulase
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how can we identify the source of infection in a staphylococcal food poisoning?
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by Phage typing
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which antibacterial drug in the first choice in serious infections caused by methycillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus?
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Glycopeptides (vancomycin, teicoplanin)
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in which disease is Staphylococcus saprophyticus considered an obligate pathogen
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Cystitis in young women
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which cell constituents determine the group-specific and the type specific antigens of Streptococcus pyogenes, respectively?
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Group specific - C polysaccharide
Type specific - M protein |
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mention 3 enzymes produced by Streptococcus pyogenes that enhance the spread of the bacterial infection in the body
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streptokinase (fibrinolysin), streptodornase(DNAse), hyaluronidase
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which is the most virulent species of Staphylococcus?
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S. aureus
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list 3 diseases caused by Streptococcus pyogenes in the skin or in subcutaneous tissues
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Impetigo (pyoderma), cellulitism erysipelas, fasciitis, myositis
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mention a toxin mediated Streptococcal disease, specify the name of the toxin and its mechanism of action
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scarlet fever - erythrogenic toxin - superantigen causing capillary destruction
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mention 2 poststreptococcal deseases
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Glomerulonephritis, rheumatic fever, erythema nodosum, chorea minor
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which product of Streptococcus pyogenes has a major pathogenic role in poststreptococcal diseases?
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M protein: may induce hypersensitivity reactions
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how long does immunity against scarlet fever exist? which immune effector mechanism is involved?
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life-long immunity. Antitoxic antibodies are involved
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what is the drug of first chice in Streptococcus pyogenes infection?
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Penicillin - G
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what is the patomechanism of post streptococcal rheumatic fever?
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type II hypersensitivity (cytotoxic antibodies)
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what is the patomechanism of post streptococcal Glomerulonephritis?
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type III hypersensitivity (immune complexes)
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which Streptococcus species plays a major role in the meningitis of neworn babies?
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group B Streptococcus (S. agalactiae)
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what is (are) the magor causative agent(s) for subacure bacterial endocarditis?
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Viridans streptococci
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what are the characteristics of Enterococci that can be used in their identification?
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D group polysaccharide antigen, tolerance to bile and hydrolysis of esculin (EBA medium: bile esculin agar), growth in the presence of 6.5% NaCl
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what are the specific morphologic features of Streptococcus pneumoniae?
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Gram positive diplococcus, lancet shape, capsule.
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mention 3 diseases that can be caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae
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pneumonia, meningitis, sinusitis, otitis media, sepsis,(ulcus serpens corneae)
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what fast diagnostic procedure can be used in acute Neisseria gonorrhoeae infection?
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Demonstration of bacteria (intracellular in PMNs) from urethral discharge by Gram or methylene blue stain.
PCR amplification of bacterial DNA |
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What kind of immunity develops after Neisseria gonorrhoeae infection?
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Partial immunity of short duration; no protection from reinfection
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What are the most important manifestations of disseminated gonorrhoeal infections?!
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arthritis, skin eruptions, (endocarditis, meningitis)
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What is the major complication of Neisseria gonorrhoeae infection in newborns? How
can it be prevented? |
Blenorrhoea (ophtalmia) neonatorum, silver acetate eye drops or erythromycin
ointment |
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Mention at least 3 major virulence factors of Neisseria gonorrhoeae!
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pilus, outer membrane proteins, LOS (lipooligosaccharide), IgA protease
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Mention at least 2 major virulence factors of Neisseria meningitidis!
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polysaccharide capsule, LPS, IgA protease
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What is the site of entry of Neisseria meningitidis infection? What diseases are caused by this bacterium?
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The site of entry is the nasopharynx (transmitted by airborne droplets).
Meningococcemia (characterized by skin lesions), and acute (purulent) bacterial meningitis. |
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What kinds of prophylactic measurements are available against Neisseria meningitidis
infections? |
Chemoprophylaxis: rifampin or ciprofloxacin.
Vaccination: capsular polysaccharide (types A, C, Y and W135). No vaccine against type B! |
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Which rapid diagnostic methods can be used in the presumptive diagnosis of purulent bacterial meningitis?
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Gram or methylene blue stain of CSF sediment
Demonstration of bacterial capsular antigens by latex agglutination (from CSF) |
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Which capsular serotype is included in the vaccine against Haemophilus influenzae?
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tybe b
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Which are the portals of entry of Bacillus anthracis?
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Skin, lung, gastrointestinal tract
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Mention 3 important bacteria involved in nosocomial (hospital-acquired) infections!
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Staphylococcus aureus, Enterococcus faecalis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli
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Mention four E. coli pathogenetic groups involved in enteric diseases!
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Enteropathogenic E. coli (EPEC)
Enterotoxic E. coli (ETEC) Enteroinvasive E. coli (EIEC) Enterohemorrhagic E. coli (EHEC) Enteroaggregative E. coli (EAggEC) |
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What are the most important extraintestinal infections caused by E. coli?
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urinary tract infections, neonatal meningitis, nosocomial wound infections
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The most frequent causative agent of urinary tract infections is:
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Escherichia coli
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What disease is caused by E. coli O157:H7?
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hemorrhagic colitis +/- HUS (hemolytic uraemic syndrome)
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What is the reservoir of Salmonella typhi?
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humans (with disease, or healthy carriers)
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Which bacteria cause most frequently typhoid fever and enteric fever, respectively?
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Salmonella typhi (typhoid)
Salmonella paratyphi A, B, C (enteric fever) |
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When typhoid fever is suspected, what kinds of clinical samples should be used to isolate the causative agent in the first 2 weeks of the disease?
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Blood, (bone marrow)
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What is the route of infection in Salmonella gastroenteritis?
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Ingestion of contaminated food (such as eggs, cream, mayonnaise, creamed foods, etc.)
containing a sufficient number of Salmonella. |
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Which antibacterial drugs should be administered in gastroenteritis caused by Salmonella?
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Antibiotics are not usually necessary unless the infection is generalised.
In case of extraintestinal infection (very young, very old or immunosuppressed patients): ampicillin, gentamicin, trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole, or ciprofloxacin. |
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List the Shigella species causing human disease!
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Shigella dysenteriae, S. flexneri, S.boydii, S. sonnei
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Mention 2 bacterial species belonging to different genera that cause bacillary dysentery
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Shigella dysenteriae, Shigella flexneri, Shigella boydii, Shigella sonnei, enteroinvasive E. coli (EIEC)
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Mention 3 bacterial species belonging to different genera that cause enteritis or enterocolitis!
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Campylobacter jejuni, Escherichia coli, Salmonella enteritidis, Shigella, Yersinia enterocolitica
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Mention two bacteria causing intestinal infections which have animal reservoirs!
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Salmonella (not Typhi and Paratyphi!), Campylobacter jejuni, Yersinia
enterocolitica, Listeria monocytogenes, E. coli O157 |
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What are the modes of transmission for the 2 different epidemiologic forms of plague?
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- Bubonic plague is transmitted by the bite of infected rat fleas from rats to humans.
- Primary pneumonic plague spreads directly from human to human via respiratory droplets. |
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What are the possible portals of entry of Francisella tularensis?
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tick bite, mucous membranes, skin abrasions, resp. tract, gastroint. tract
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How do humans acquire brucellosis? The Brucellae are located primarily in which organ system and cells?
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Portals of entry are the mucosal surfaces and abraded skin. Organisms spread to the
mononuclear phagocytes of the reticuloendothelial system (lymph nodes, liver, spleen, bone marrow). |
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What are the reservoirs of the different Brucella species, respectively?
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B. abortus: cattle
B. melitensis: goat, sheep B. suis: swine |
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What is the mechanism of action of cholera toxin?
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Cholera toxin activates the adenylate cyclase enzyme in cells of the intestinal mucosa
leading to increased levels of intracellular cAMP, and the secretion of large amount of water, Na+, K+, Cl-, and HCO3 - into the lumen of the small intestine. |
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What is the principle of the treatment for cholera?
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Rapid intravenous or oral replacement of the lost fluid and ions. Administration of
isotonic maintenance solution should continue until the diarrhea ceases. In severe cases: administration of tetracycline. |