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165 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Obligatory INTRACELLULAR parasites
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Characteristics of a virus
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NON-LIVING AGENTS associated with all forms of life.
Each VIRION consists of nucleic acid SURROUNDED by a ___________. |
Viruses
protein coat |
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Viruses are approximately ____ to ______ fold SMALLER THAN the CELLS they infect.
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100 to 1,000
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Viruses CONTAIN EITHER ______ or _______ but NEVER BOTH.
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RNA OR DNA
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The NUCLEIC ACID may be
________ or ________ in viruses. |
single-stranded or double-stranded
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Viruses must multiply WITHIN _____ ______and MULTIPLY only by ___________ host’s MACHINERY.
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Living cells
highjacking |
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Viruses LACK the _________ and _________NECESSARY to GENERATE energy and SYNTHESIZE protein.
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enzymes
organelles |
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Some viruses TAKE OVER the metabolism of the host cell and ______ ___;others______ in their hosts.
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Kill it
Live |
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Viruses exist in two states.
1.______________the cell they are METABOLICALLY INERT. |
Outside
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Viruses exist in two states.
2. ________infected cells, they REPLICATE. |
Inside
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The PROTEIN COAT always SEPARATES FROM from the_______ ______before replication begins.
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Nucleic acid
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the SPECTRUM of HOST cells the virus can infect
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Host Range
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VIRUS that INFECTS BACTERIA
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Bacteriophage
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Most viruses can INFECT ONLY a ______ ________and only ______ _______WITHIN an organism.
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single species
certain cells |
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Some viruses, those causing ________ can MULTIPLY in WIDELY DIVERGENT SPECIES such as birds, mosquitoes and humans.
more than 1 |
zoonoses
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SMALL in size
ACELLULAR METABOLICALLY INERT (Do nothing) |
Viruses
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qty 1; a DISEASE of wild or domestic ANIMALS that can INFECT HUMANS
Ex: west nile, rabies, lyme disease |
zoonosis
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1 of 2 FACTORS that determines the HOST PHAGE range of phage:
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Requirement that phage attachment proteins must bind to specific receptors on the
bacteria |
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2nd FACTOR that determines the HOST RANGE of phage
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Availability in host of cellular factors for viral replication
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Virus SIZES
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Range from 20 to 1,000nm in length
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DNA or RNA is also known as what?
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Genome
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PROTEIN COAT is known as the what?
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Capsid
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PROTEIN SUBUNITS that MAKE UP CAPSID
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Capsomere
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NUCLEIC acid + CAPSID = ?
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Nucleocapsid
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NUCLEOcapsid + lipid MEMBRANE = ?
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Enveloped
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This is taken from host cell & resembles the host
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Viral envelope
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These EXTRUDE from capsid or envelope and BINDS this TO the HOST CELL
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Spikes
virus |
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RNA viruses with multiple RNAs
Example: Influenzavirus |
Segmented
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How is the SHAPE determined in Viral STRUCTURE?
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Shape determined by the protein coat (or capsid) which surrounds the nucleic acid.
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Each CAPSID IS COMPOSED of _________; attachment proteins PROJECT from the ________
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capsomeres
capsid |
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Animal viruses with lipid BILAYER surrounding the coat are ______________.
Viruses WITHOUT this ENVELOPE are ________ |
Enveloped
Naked. |
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Viruses have 3 different shapes. What are they?
Hint: PHC |
polyhedral (icosahedron)
helical complex |
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Animal VIRUS
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Adenovirus
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PLANT virus
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TMV
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BACTERIA is also known as_________.
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T4
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the official name of BACTERIA VIRUS
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Bacteriophage
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Shapes of Virions
Hint: CORB |
long cigar looking
oval shaped small round circles bullet shaped |
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Resemble LONG RODS that may be RIGID OR FLEXIBLE
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Helical virus
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Viral nucleic acid is found within HOLLOW, CYLINDRICAL capsid that has a HELICAL Structure
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Helical virus
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Viruses are GROUPED into FAMILIES based on what 3 basis?
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Nucleic acid type - DNA or RNA
Strategy for replication - Dumb or smart virus Morphology - shape of capsid |
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GROUP OF VIRUSES sharing the same genetic information and ecological niche
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Viral species
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These species used are NOT SPECIFIC epithets or STRAINS
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Subspecies
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How are bacteriophages GROWN in the LABoratory?
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adding virus and bacteria to liquid agar and or a petri dish
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CLEAR AREA against a lawn of bacterial growth
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Plaque
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p.f.u
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plaque forming unit
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EACH PLAQUE corresponds to a ________ ________.
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single virus
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Eukaryotic CELLS grown in CULTURE media is also called ?
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tissue culture
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A VISIBLE EFFECT on a host cell, caused by a virus, that may result in host cell damage or DEATH
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Cytopathic effect
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How do some phage multiply?
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They multiply inside the bacteria and lyse (burst) the cells
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When bacteriophage multiplies it is a PRODUCTIVE INFECTION and phages are _______ and ________.
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virulent and lytic.
Lytic Cycle |
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Some phage INCORPORATE their DNA into the host cell which MULTIPLIES either as a PLASMID or more commonly INTEGRATED into the CHRMOSOME of the host.
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Lysogenic Cycle
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These phage are TEMPERATE and the cell containing the phage DNA is ______________.
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lysogenized.
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This infection is termed LATENT.
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Lysogenic Cycle
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As the cell MULTIPLIES, the prophage may CONFER NEW properties on the cell, we call that __________ __________.
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lysogenic conversion
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The Lytic Phage Replication consist of 5 steps. Name them
Hint: APBMR |
1. Attachment
2. Penetration 3. Biosynthesis 4. Maturation 5. Release |
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During the Lytic Phage Reproduction, Attachment happens in what 2 ways?
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Chance collision
must attach to the host cell |
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During LyticPR, PENETRATION happens in what 2 way?
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injects its nuceic acid
lysomes- breaks down cell wall (capsid stays outside) |
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During LyticPR, how does BIOSYNTHESIS ocur?
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host cell synthesis is STOP
makes viral proteins and nucleic acids |
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During LyticPR, how does MATURATION occur?
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Thru the assembly of a complete virus
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During LyticPR, how does RELEASE happen?
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Thru lysis:
burst size = 50 to 200 viruses released from a single cell burst time = 20 to 40 minutes |
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integrated viral genetic material
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prophage
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cell death ---LYSIS
PRODUCTIVE infection phage= LYTIC or VIRULENT phage |
Lytic cycle
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NO CELL DEATH ------PLASMID OR INTEGRATION
LATENT infection phage = TEMPERATE phage |
Lysogenic Cycle
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PHAGE replication in a LATENT state
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phage lambda
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Phage can either go through a ______ _______ similar to T-even or _______ its _____ into a specific site in the bacterial chromosome (temperate phage).
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lytic cycle
integrate its DNA |
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Integration of phage DNA into the bacterial chromosome = prophage occurs by means of site specific recombination
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Don't understand this one.
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A _______ PREVENTS expression of genes coding for an enzyme that excises the prophage from the chromosome.
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repressor
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ProPHAGE often code for proteins which CONFER unique properties on the bacteria,
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phage conversion
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Integration can do 2 things to cells. Name them.
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benefit or harm cells
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What are the ATTACHMENT SITES for ENTRY of enveloped animal virus?
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Attachment sites are plasma membrane proteins and glycoproteins
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ENTRANCE of the virus is THRU or by DIRECT PENETRATION known as _________ or _________.
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Endocytosis or fusion
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SEPARATION OF NUCLEIC ACID FROM PROTEIN COAT
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Uncoating
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How does the RELEASE by BUDDING occur?
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envelope develops around the capsid
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These are RELEASED through RUPTURES, thus RESULTING in host CELL DEATH.
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Nonenveloped viruses
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Where is the ATTACHMENT of bacteriophage?
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proteins on tails attach to proteins on cell walls
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What is the PENETRATION of the bacteriophage?
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genome is injected into cell or diffuses into cell
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Is there uncoating in bateriophage?
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NO
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What is the SITE OF SYNTHESIS in bateriophage?
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Cytoplasm
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What is the SITE OF ASSEMBLY in bacteriophage?
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Cytoplasm
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What is the MECHANISM OF RELEASE in bacteriophage?
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Lysis
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What is the NATURE OF CHRONIC INFECTION in bacteriophage?
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Lysogeny, always incorporated into host chromosome, may leave host chromosome
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What is the ATTACHMENT of an animal virus?
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spikes, capsids, or envelope proteins attach to proteins or glycoproteins on cell membrane
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What is the PENETRATION of an animal virus?
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capsid enters cell thru direct penetration, fusion or phagocytosis
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What is the UNCOATING of an animal virus?
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removal of capsid by cell enzymes.
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What is the SITE OF SYNTHESIS in an animal virus?
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RNA in cytoplasm; most DNA viruses in the nucleus
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What is the SITE OF ASSEMBLY of an animal virus?
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RNA in cytoplasm; most DNA viruses in the nucleus
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What is the MECHANISM RELEASE for an animal virus?
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naked virions: exocytosis & lysis
enveloped virions: budding |
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What is the NATURE OF CHRONIC INFECTION in an animal virus?
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Latency, with or without incorporation into host DNA, incorporation is permanent
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What virus causes this disease: Common cold, conjunctivitis?
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Adenoviridae
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Route of Transmission for this virus is: RESPIRATORY droplets and SKIN contact
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Adenoviridae
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Symptomsfor this virus includes: infects EPITHELIUM of RESPIRATORY tract, eyes and INTESTINE; cough, NASAL CONGESTION, pneumonia, INTESTINAL illnesses and eye infections
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Adenoviridae
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Is Adenoviridae an enveloped or NON-ENVELOPED virus?
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Non-enveloped
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the suffix VIRIDAE refers to the virus ________?
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Family
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What VIRUS is known for causing this Disease: smallPOX
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Poxviridae
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Route of Transmission for this VIRUS is thru: DIRECT CONTACT, FOMITES, or rRESPIRATORY route of infection
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Poxviridae
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Symptoms for this VIRUS include: abrupt FEVER, CHILLS, RASH progressing from pink SPOTS to pink pimples to pustules to vesicles, rash appears simultaneous over body surface, pock-marked skin
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Poxviridae
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Is there a VACCINE for smallpox?
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YES, however, it has waning immunity after 10 years
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NON-LIVING OBJECT that can spread infection (inanimate objects)
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fomite
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Also known as HERPES Simplex VIRUS I (HSV1)
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Herpesviridae
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What VIRUS is common for causing this Disease: COLD SORES (fever blisters but not canker sores)
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Herpesviridae
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Route of Transmission: This virus is Transmitted by SALIVA, vesical fluid, SEXUAL contact and by BIRTH CANAL
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Herpesviridae
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The Symptoms for this virus includes: AXONAL travel TO LATENCY SITES in sensory ganglia
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Herpesviridae
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Where is the COMMON SITE for HSV1?
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margin of the lips
painful but short lived |
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What may TRIGGER HSV1?
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sunburn, stress, hormonal change
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What is meant by LATENT infection in HSV1? WHERE does it lay latent?
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lies latent in the trigeminial nerve until something triggers it.
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Also known as HERPES Simplex VIRUS II
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Herpesviridae ll
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Virus that cause this Disease: GENITAL HERPES
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Herpesviridae ll
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Route of Transmission: This virus is transmitted by VESICAL fluid, SEXUAL contact and by BIRTH CANAL
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Herpesviridae ll
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Symptoms of this virus include: primary infection slight BURNING SENSATION, URINATION is PAINFUL, vesicles contain virus-laden fluid, URETHRAL DISCHARGE
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Herpesviridae ll
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HSV2 is a LATENT infection and lies latent WHERE?
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sacral nerve at the base of spine
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Herpes LESIONS can occur on WHAT PART of the body?
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In the genital area
eyes fingers mouth |
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How does REYE's SYNDROME occur?
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When babies are given aspirin.
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How does aspirin AFFECT babies?
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It is harmful to liver and brain.
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These CUTANEOUS (skin) SENSORY NERVES are unilateral & distributed to 1 side of the body.
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Shingles
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This is TRIGGERED by STRESS and LOW IMMUNE SYSTEM.
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Shingles
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This VIRUS causes this Disease: CHICKEN POX and shingles
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Varicella Zoster Virus
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This virus' Route of Transmission is thru: RESPIRATORY aerosol, FOMITES, and DIRECT CONTACT
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Varicella Zoster Virus
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This virus' Symptoms include:
localized INFECTION in the SKIN with FEVER, MALAISE, teardrop-shaped fluid filled vesicles; vesicles ITCH intensely isolated pain, LOCALIZED NUMBNESS, tingling or BURNING or SHOOTING PAIN |
Varicella Zoster Virus
Chicken pox Shingles |
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cause of WARTS, POLYOMAS or TUMORS, and vacuolization
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Papillomaviruses
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What VIRUS causes this Disease: PAPillOmas (skin and genital warts)
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Papovaviridae HPV
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What virus' Route of Transmission is thru: DIRECT CONTACT, sometimes SEXUALLY
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Papovaviridae HPV
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Symptoms for this virus include: high association with CERVICAL CANCER and CANCERS OF THE PENIS, VULVA and RECTUM
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Papovaviridae HPV
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Is HPV a very common STD?
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YES
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FINGER-LIKE PROJECTIONS or CAULIFLOWER-LIKE are common APPEARANCES of what?
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genital warts
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What PREVENTIVE MEASURE can be used with HPV?
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surgery or cryotheraphy
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Also known as Disease: HEPAtitis B
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Hepadnaviridae
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Also known as HEPAdnaviridae
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Disease: Hepatitis B
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Route of Transmission for this disease is thru: transfusion and SECRETION of any BODY FLUIDS, IV DRUG USE, between mother and fetus, TATOOING, EARPIERCING, acupuncture
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Hepadnaviridae
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Symptomsof this disease include: most cases are asymptomatic, LOSS OF APPETITE, FEVER, joint pains, JAUNDICE, swollen tender liver, CLAY COLORED STOOLS and darkening of urine
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Hepadnaviridae
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Also known as poliomyelitis POLIO
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Picornaviridae
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Also known as PICORNAviridae
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Disease: poliomyelitis (Polio)
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Route of Transmission for this disease is thru: FECAL/ORAL ROUTE
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Picornaviridae
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Symptoms for this disease include: most cases are flu-like, GASTROINTESTINAL distress, only 1% are PARALYTIC
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Picornaviridae
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OPV
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Oral polio vaccine
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IPV
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inactivated polio vaccine
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---- iron lung
--- ingestion of water contaminated w FECES containing virus ----primary site of infection is THROAT & SMALL INTESTINE ----TONSILS & LYMPHNODES ----BLOOD (VIREMES) ---CNS |
PICORNAVIRIDAE
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MMR
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measles mumps and rubella
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MATERNAL INFECTION during 1st trimester resulting in FETAL DAMAGE, retardation, eye problems, hearing loss, heart defects & NEUROLOGICAL
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Togaviridae
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Also known as Rubella or GERMAN measles
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Togaviridae
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Also known as TOGAviridae
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Disease: Rubella or German measles
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Route of Transmission for this disease is thru: RESPIRATORY route
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Togaviridae
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Symptoms for this disease include: PALE PINK RASH, light fever, short duration, serious in congenital cases
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Togaviridae
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Also known as rabies
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Rhabdoviridae
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Rhabdoviridae is also known as ?
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Rabies
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--hydrophobic = fear of water
---encephalitis = inflammation of brain |
Rhabdoviridae
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Route of Transmission for this disease is thru: LICK OR BITE
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Rhabdoviridae
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Symptoms for this disease include : abnormal sensations at BITE LOCATION, AGITATED BEHAVIOR, hallucination, muscle spasms, STUPOR
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Rhabdoviridae
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Carry 2 strands of + stranded RNA and REVERSE TRANSCRITPTASE
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Retroviridae
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Is the retroviridae an ENVELOPED or non- envelooped virus?
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Enveloped
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DNA incorporates into host cell = PROVIRUS
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Retroviridae
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VIRUS may CONVERT host cell into CANCER or TUMOR cell
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Retroviridae
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Also known as : Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS)
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Human Immunodeficiency Virus
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Human Immunodeficiency Virus
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Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS)
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Route of Transmission for this disease is: SEXUALLY, IV DRUG USE, tissue transplant, BLOOD TRANSFUSION
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Human Immunodeficiency Virus
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Symptoms of this disease include: persistent FATIGUE, swollen lymph nodes, diarrhea, WEIGHT LOSS, NIGHT SWEATS, CANDIDIASIS, T CELL count drops to 200/mm3
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Human Immunodeficiency Virus
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A CONDITION in which a PATHOGEN remains in the HOST for LONG PERIODS WITHOUT PRODUCING DISEASE
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Latent Viral Infections
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Several types of CANCER are now known to be CAUSED BY _____.
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VIRUSES
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a GENE that can bring about MALIGNANT TRANSFORMATION
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Oncogenes
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Oncogenes can be ACTIVATED by what?
Hint: MC, HER & OV |
mutagenic chemicals, high-energy radiation, and viruses (oncogenic viruses)
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Name at least 3 latent viral infections.
Hint: HSV & CP |
HSV1
HSV2 chicken pox and Shingles |
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What is one type of Oncogenic Virus?
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HPV
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Examples of DNA Oncogenic Virus
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Epstein-Barr virus
Hepatitis B |
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liver cancer
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Hepititis B
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Burkitt's lymphoma and nasopharyngeal carcinoma
(cancer of nose and throat) |
Epstein-Barr virus
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Example of RNA Oncogenic virus
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Adult T-cell Leukemia
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