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80 Cards in this Set
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Peptidoglycan in gram-positive bacteria are composed of glycan chains of N-acetylglucosamine and N-acetylemuramic acid cross-linked by peptide chains of glycine...T or F
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True
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phenotypic classification of bacteria
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microscopic morphology, macroscopic morphology, biotyping, serotyping, antibiogram patterns, phage typing
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analytical classification of bacteria
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cell wall fatty-acid analysis, whole cell lipid analysis, whole cell protein analysis, multifocus locus enzyme electrophoresis
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genotypic classification of bacteria
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guanine plus cytosine ratio, DNA hybridization, nucleic acid sequence analysis, plasmid analysis, ribotyping, chromosomal DNA fragment analysis
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the infective phase of Cryptosporidium parvum is
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the oocyst
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the peptidoglycan in bacteria is responsible for
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cell wall rigidity
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a promoter at the beginning of a genetic operon is a(n)
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sit on DNA where RNA polymerase binds
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Bacterial spores are formed primarily by oranisms of the genus
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Bacillus and Clostridium
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The definition of a parasite is
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one organism that lives at the expense of another organism called the host
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Giardia intestinalis
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is a member of the phylum Sarcosmastigophora, localizes in the GI tract of the human host, reproduces by binary fission, and has a direct life cycle
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bacterial spores are
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formed under adverse environmental conditions such as the absence of a carbon source, resistant to boiling, metabolically inactive and contain dipicolinic acid a calcium chelator, formed by gram-positive rods, can be killed by being heated to 121 C for 15 min, contain much less water than bacterial cells
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an organism that has lost its ability to synthesize itos own histidine is called a(n)
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auxotroph
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The Electron transport chain, if present in bacteria, it will be found in
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cytoplasmic membrane
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In the US, the protozoan parasite, Leishmania spp. is transmitted by
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Lutzomyia sandflies
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Leishmania spp.
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localizes in phagocytic cells in tissues of the human host
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In E. coli, when the lac operon is fully induced (in the presence of lactose)
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the lac repressor if inactive and transcription of the lac operon does occur
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When glucose, but not lactose, is present in E. coli's environment
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the repressor remains bound to the operator
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Protozoan parasites are taxonomically classified using the following characterisitics
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reproduction, # of nuclei, location in host, life cycle
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the bacterial genome exists as
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a circular piece of DNA
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A famous Egyptian doctor, who also designed the step pyramid, who became later "God of Medicine" by ancient Egyptians
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Imhotep
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Believed in supernatural causes of, and cures for disease
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Asclepius
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Believed that disease had natural causes, e.g. "The Four Humor Theory" and th at it could be cured by rational methods
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Hippocrates
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He wrote De contagione et contagiosis morbis et curatione. In it he described numerous contagious diseases and the means by which contagion can be spread
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Fracastoro
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Isolated and stained the causative agent of anthrax
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Robert Koch
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Poisonous vapor or mist made up of particles from decomposing material, which people though caused disease
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miasma
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the first to visualize and study microbes using a simple lens microscope
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van Leeuwenhock
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the function of the sex (F) pilus of E. coli involves
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transfer of DNA between bacteria during conjugation
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operating int he mid 1800's, developed surgery which included heat-sterilization of instruments and application of phenols to wounds and dressings
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Joseph Lister
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the main function of the bacterial endospores is
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survival against environmental dangers
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the flagella, if present in bacteria, will be anchored in
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the cytoplasmic membrane
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by definition, and indirect parasitic life cycle includes
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a parasite that must infect 2 different species of host to complete its life cycle
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the process by which bacteriophage P1 packages random phage-genome-sized pieces into phage heads and thereby allows transfer of pieces of bacterial chromosomal DNA between bacteria is called
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generalized transduction
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refutation of theory of spontaneous generation
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Louis pasteur
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Cryptosporidium parvum
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intracellular location in hose, member of the phylum apicomplexa, localizes in small intestine of host, reproduces sexually and asexually, has a direct life cycle
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The definition of zoonotic is
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a parasite that can be transmitted naturally between humans and animals
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one of the main functions of the bacterial cell wall proteins is
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recognition of specific receptors on target cells
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Transformation is important in bacterial pathogenicity because
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it allows uptake of DNA that can homologously recombine into the bacterial chromosome and change virulence characteristics
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He noted that deaths due to a streptococcal infection(childbirth fever) were much higher in the physiscians ward as compared to deaths in the midwives ward. He subsequently institued strict hand-washing procedures for physicians and coud be considered the father of infection control
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Ignatz Semmelweis
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The process by which a bacterial cell pick up exogenous pieces of DNA directly from the media and incorporates it into it genome is called
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transformation
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the disease caused by Plasmodium falciparum is
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malaria
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gram-positive bacteria
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firmcutes
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gram-negative bacteria
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gracilcutes
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cell-wall free bacteria
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tenericutes
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The final electron acceptor in the electron transport chain of an anaerobic respiration
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is not oxygen
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What cells produce antibodies?
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B cells
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Each of the following statements concerning the killing of bacteria is true
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lysozyme in tears can hydrolyze bacterial cell walls, detergents can disrupt bacterial cell memebranes, and silver nitrate can inactivate bacterial enzymes
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The following are found in the gram-positive bacteria cell wall
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teichoic acid, lipteichoic acid, peptidoglycan
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Apoptosis
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is equivalent to cell suicide
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what is the major defense mechanism employed against virus infections
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cell-mediated immunity
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Pasteurizations
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is used with edible material, designed to kill most of human pathogenic microbes, originally designed to kill unwanted bacteria in wine
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lymph nodes
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filter lymph, produce antibodies, trap foreign particles, trap invading bacteria
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Host provides environment. microorganism feeds on digested food. usually harmless unless tissue is damaged environmental changes(antibiotics), host immune system changes
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commensalism
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What type of leucocytes first appear at site of microbial invasion?
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neutrophils
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in which organ are 'B' lymphocytes mainly mature
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bone marrow
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Innate immunity
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rapidly elminates microbes that succeed in entering host tissues, this type of host defense is always present in healthy individuals, it is prepared to block the entry of microbes
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Immunoglobulin is the scientific name for
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antibodies
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bacteria need iron for growth. however iron is not found in free form in the blood so how do bacteria obtain iron?
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secrete chelating proteins known as siderophores
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A germicide that kills most vegetative bacteria and lipid-enveloped or medium-size viruses
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low-level disinfectant
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Use of physical procedures or chemical agents to destroy most microbial forms; bacterial spores and other relatively resistant organisms may remain viable
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disinfection
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the term humoral immuniy describes
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antibody-mediated immunity
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these bacteria use chemical sources of energy and organic compounds as source of carbon
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chemoheterotrophs
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bacterial structures that show antigenic diversity
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pili, capsules, flagella
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In which organ are lymphocytes mainly produced
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bone marrow
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Antigen-presenting cells (APC)
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macrophages, dendritic cells, B cells
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for the the T lymphocytes to be activated the antigen receptor and other accessory receptors need to be stimulated T or F
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true
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under what condition does the tricarboxylic acid cycle take place
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aerobic
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when the interaction between microbe and human leads to a pathologic process characterized by damage to the human host
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disease
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a germicide that kills all microbial pathogen except large numbers of bacterial spores
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high-level disinfectant
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range of activity of an antimicrobial against bacteria
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antibacterial spectrum
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the cardinal signs of inflammation
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heat, swelling, pain, redness
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Macrophages perform phagocytosis and intracellular killing of microbes using the following mechanisms
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lysosomal enzymes in phagolysosomes, reactive oxygen intermediates & nitric oxide in phagolysosomes, myeloperoxidase dependent and myeloperoxidase independent rxns in phagolysosomes
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Natural killer cells attack and kill invading bacteria using
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Granzyme B and stimulation of the FAS receptors
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level of antimicrobial activity that inhibits the growth of an organism
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bacteriostatic activity
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in a typical bacterial growth curve identify the growth phase in which cells experience autolysis
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death phase
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serum antibodies are not produced by
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Helper T cells
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Which immunoglobulin plays a key role in allergies
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IgE
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Vaccines that consist of inactivated organisms are
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incapable of reverting to virulence
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the primary immune response is characterized by
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waning rapidly, induction by one dose of antigen, low levels of antibody produced, a long lag period
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germicide capable of killing bacterial spores
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sporicide
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in which organ are T lymphocytes mainly mature
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thymus
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