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70 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
What Streptococcus pyogenes enzyme can lyse blood clots and fibrin deposits?
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Streptokinase
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What S. pyogenes enzyme prevents the recruitment of phagocytic cells?
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C5a peptidase
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How is S. pyogenes transmitted?
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Crowding and respiratory droplets
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Is it difficult to differentiate strep throat from viral infection?
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Yes, without serological or bacteriologic test
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What genetic transfer leads to scarlet fever?
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Complication of strep pharyngitis, bacteriophage causes bacteria to produce pyrogenic exotoxin
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What is the appearance of the tongue with scarlet fever?
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White tongue coating to “strawberry tongue”
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What is the appearance of impetigo (pyoderma)?
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Vesicles to pustules to crusting in subcutaneous tissue of the face, arms and legs, straw colored, occurs especially near the nose
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What are the S. pyogenes infections of the skin?
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Toxic shock
Necrotizing fasciitis Strep pharyngitis Scarlet fever Pyoderma/Impetigo Erysipelas Cellulitis Rheumatic fever |
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What are characteristics of Strep toxic shock syndrome?
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• 45% mortality
• Soft tissue inflammation, pain, fever, chills, malaise, vomiting, diarrhea. • Pain intensifies as disease progresses to shock and organ failure. • Strep can be isolated from blood. • At risk: immunocompromised, drug and alcohol users, cancer and heart pts. • Can spread throughout the body • Treated with penicillin |
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What is the S. pyogenes infection of heart valves?
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Rheumatic Fever
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What drug is administered for Strep infections if the patient is allergic to penicillin?
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Erythromycin or oral cephalosporin
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Newborns are at risk for septicemia and meningitis if the mother is carrying __________ in the vagina?
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S. agalactiae/Group B Strep (GBS)
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If a woman is positive, she should be treated with intravenous ________ 4 hours before birth.
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IV Penicillin G
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What Strep bacteria is associated with inner ear infections?
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Streptococcus pneumoniae
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What structure on the bacteria makes it resistant to phagocytosis?
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capsule
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What are the characteristics of Strep. pneumoniae associated pneumonia?
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Most common strain that causes pneumonia.
Bacteria replicate in alveolar space, neutrophils and macrophages accumulate, resolution occurs after Abs are made to capsule, abrupt onset of severe chills, fever, blood-tinged sputum. Mortality rate 5% |
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What valent vaccines are available for infants and adults?
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For pneumonia:
Infants: 7-valent conjugate vaccine Adults: 23-valent pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine |
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What is the name of the virus that caused smallpox?
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Variola
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What vaccine was used to eradicate smallpox?
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Vaccinia
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Where is the smallpox rash abundant?
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Face, extremities.
Sparse on torso. |
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What is the reservoir for smallpox?
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Human host
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What kind of vaccine is the smallpox vaccine?
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Single serotype
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What is characteristic of the molluscum contagiosum nodules?
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Common among children in the tropics.
Papules to pearly, umbilicated nodules, 2-10mm in diameter, central caseous plug that can be expressed, usually found in clusters (5-20), cytoplasmic inclusions |
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Can molluscum be sexually transmitted?
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yes
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What is considered the most common sexually transmitted entity?
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HPV
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What virus is responsible for genital warts?
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HPV
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What is the histology associated with HPV infected cells? (Pap smear slide)
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Exfoliated cervicovaginal cells, perinuclear cytoplasmic vacuolization termed koilocytosis
Has no inclusions |
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What kind of vaccine is the HPV vaccine?
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Subunit protein, inactivated
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Is herpes simplex enveloped or naked? Is the genome DNA or RNA?
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Enveloped, DNA
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What is the site of latency for herpes simplex?
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Neurons - dorsal root ganglion
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What disease is associated with herpes simplex 1 and 2?
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HSV-1:
Encephalitis Keratoconjunctivitis Esophagitis Tracheobronchitis Gladiatorum HSV-2: Meningitis Perianal Neonatal Both: Pharyngitis Whitlow Oral Genital |
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What is the portal of entry for VZV?
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Droplets from sneezing enter mucosa of upper respiratory track
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What disease is associated with VZV?
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Chicken pox, Shingles
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What is the recurrent form of VZV?
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Shingles
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What is the site of latency for VZV?
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Neuron, in nerve roots
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What herpes virus is associated with organ transplantation complications?
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Cytomegalovirus/CMV
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What herpes virus causes retinitis in AIDS patients?
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Cytomegalovirus/CMV
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What is the site of latency for CMV?
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T cells, macrophages
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What herpes virus is associated with infectious mononucleosis?
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EBV
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What is the site of latency for EBV?
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B cell
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What herpes virus is associated with roseola?
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HHV6, HHV7
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What is the leading cause of viral congenital defects today?
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CMV
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What herpes virus is associated with Kaposi’s sarcoma?
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HHV8
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What diseases are associated with enterococcus?
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UTI, peritonitis, endocarditis (nosocomial)
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What virulence factors are associated with anthrax?
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Protective Antigen (PA) Edema Factor (EF) Lethal Factor (LF), and capsule
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The lethal toxin causes macrophages to release _________.
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Tumor necrosis factor (TNF)
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What is the appearance of the lesion in cutaneous anthrax?
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Painless papule progressing into an ulcer, painful lymphadenopathy, massive edema
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Do lymph nodes swell in response to ocular anthrax?
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yes
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Is gastrointestinal anthrax deadly?
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Yes, near 100% mortality rate
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What bacteria causes fried rice associated food poisoning?
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Bacillus cereus
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What bacteria can grow on cold cuts in the refrigerator?
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Listeria monocytogenes/human listeriosis
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Pregnant women are told to avoid ___________ cheese and deli meats to avoid complications with ____________.
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Unpasteurized, human listeriosis
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Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae is an occupational ______________ disease.
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zoonotic
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What pathogen causes marked swelling of the parotid glands?
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mumps
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What risks are associated with Mumps infection?
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Contagious period is before symptoms occur, asymptomatic shedding, may be associated with juvenile diabetes, very serious in immunocompromised people
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Who is at risk for congenital rubella infection?
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Those born to mothers with rubella during pregnancy
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What are Koplik spots?
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Spots on the mucosa of the mouth that are specific to measles and precede the measles rash, but may be seen for the first day or two after rash appears
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What causes the measles rash?
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T cells are destroying the virally infected endothelial cells in the capillary-bleeding of skin
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What is the portal of entry for the measles?
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Droplets enter respiratory tract
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What kind of vaccine is the MMR?
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Live attenuated vaccine
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What virus is the most common cause of infantile gastroenteritis?
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Rotavirus Type A
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Is there a vaccine available for rotavirus?
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Yes - Oral vaccine is available for babies at about 1.5 - 2 mos old
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What virus that can easily contaminate water and food causes sporadic outbreaks of vomiting and diarrhea on cruise ships?
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Norwalk
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What is the portal of entry for HIV?
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Blood, semen, vaginal fluid, pre-ejaculate, or breast milk can transmit HIV.
The four major routes of transmission are unprotected sexual intercourse, contaminated needles, breast milk, and transmission from an infected mother to her baby at birth. |
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What cell is the reservoir for HIV?
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Macrophages
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What cell is destroyed by HIV leading to the development of AIDS?
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T-cells
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Is HIV an RNA virus or DNA?
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RNA
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What kind of chemotherapy is used to treat HIV infections?
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Antiviral Therapy (NRTI, NNRTI)
Protease Inhibitors Combination Therapy |
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When are antibodies against HIV present?
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Per CDC website:
Most people will develop detectable antibodies within 2 to 8 weeks (the average is 25 days). Ninety-seven percent of persons will develop antibodies in the first 3 months following the time of their infection. In very rare cases, it can take up to 6 months to develop antibodies to HIV. |
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What group of individuals have the highest incidence of HIV in the United States?
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Homosexual males (49%)
Intravenous drug users (26%) Heterosexuals (9.3%) Homosexual intravenous drug users (6.4%) Blood Transfusions (1.3%) Unknown (8%) Prostitutes, newborns of HIV mothers, blood and organ transplant recipients before 1985. |