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102 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Which of the following is not considered a microorganism?
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mushroom
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An area of microbiology that is concerned with the occurrence of disease in human populations
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epidemiology
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Which process involves the deliberate alteration of an organism's genetic material?
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recombinant DNA
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A prominent difference between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells is the _________.
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presence of a nucleus in eukaryotes
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Which of the following parts was absent from Leeuwenhoek's microscopes?
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condenser
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Abiogenesis refers to the ___________
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spontaneous generation of organisms from nonliving matter
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A hypothesis can be defined as___________.
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a scientific explanation that is subject to testing
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Which early microbiologist was most responsible for developing standard microbiology laboratory techniques?
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Robert Koch
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Which scientist is most responsible for finally laying the theory of spontaneous generation to rest?
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Louis Pasteur
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When a hypothesis has been thoroughly supported by long-term study and data, it is considered___________.
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a theory
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Which is the correct order of the taxonomic categories, going from most specific to most general?
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species, genus, family, order, class, phylum, kingdom, domain
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By definition, organisms in the same____ are more closely related than are those in the same________.
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class, phylum
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Which of the following are prokaryotic?
a.) bacteria b.) archaea c.) protists d.) both a and b |
bacteria & archaea
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Which of the following is not one of the six "I's"?
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illumination
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The term culture refers to the _________growth of microorganisms in _______.
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macroscopic, media
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A mixed culture is________.
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one that contains two or more known species
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Agar is superior to gelatin as a solidifying agent because agar________
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does not melt at room temperature & is not usually decomposed by microorganisms
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The process that most accounts for magnification is____________.
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refraction of light rays
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A subculture is a______________.
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culture made from an isolated colony
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Resolution is______________ with a longer wavelength of light.
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worsened
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A real image is produced by the ___________.
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objective
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A microscope that has total magnification of 1,500X when using the oil immersion objective has an ocular of what power?
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15X
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The specimen for an electron microscope is always___________
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killed
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Motility is best observed with a _________________.
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hanging drop preparation
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Bacteria tend to stain more readily with cationic (positively charged) dyes because bacteria_________.
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contain large amounts of acidic substances
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The primary difference between a TEM and SEM is in ______________.
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preparation of the specimen
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A fastidious organism must be grown on what type of medium?
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enriched medium
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What type of medium is used to maintain and preserve specimens before clinical analysis?
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transport medium
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Which of the following is not an optical microscope?
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atomic force
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Which structure is not a component of all cells?
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cell wall
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Viruses are not considered living things because___________-
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-they are not cells
-they cannot reproduce by themselves -they lack metabolism |
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Which of the following is not found in all bacterial cells?
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actin cytoskeleton
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The major locomotor structures in bacteria are_________
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flagella
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Pili are tubular shafts in_____bacteria that serve as a means of _________.
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gram-negative, genetic exchange
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An example of a glycocalyx is ___________
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a capsule
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Which of the following is a primary bacterial cell wall function?
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support
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Which of the following is present in both gram-positive and gram negative cell walls?
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peptidoglycan
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Metachromatic granules are concentrated ________found in_______.
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PO4, Corynebacterium
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Bacterial endospores function in ____________.
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survival
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An arrangement in packets of eight cells is described as a ___________.
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sarcina
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The major difference between a spirochete and a spirillum is_______.
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the nature of motility
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Which phylum contains bacteria with a gram-positive cell wall?
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Firmicutes
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To which taxonomic group do cyanobacteria belong?
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Domain Bacteria
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Which stain is used to distinguish differences between the cell walls of medically important bacteria?
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Gram stain
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The first living cell on earth was most similar to___________.
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an archaea
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Both flagella & cilia are found primarily in_____________.
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protozoa
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Features of the nuclear envelope include_____ &_________.
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a double membrane structure; pores that allow communication with the cytoplasm
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The cell wall is usually found in which eukaryotes?
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fungi & algae
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What is embedded in rough endoplasmic reticulum?
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ribosomes
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Yeasts are______fungi, and molds are_____fungi.
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unicellular; filamentous
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In general, fungi derive nutrients through__________.
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digesting organic substrates
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A hypha divided into compartments by cross walls is called_______.
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septate
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Algae generally contain some type of__________.
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chlorophyll
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Which characteristic is not typical of protozoan cells?
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spores
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The protozoan trophozoite is the________.
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active feeding stage
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All mature sporozoa are_________.
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parasitic & nonmotile
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Parasitic helminths reproduce with__________.
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cysts
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Mitochondria likely originated from_______.
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purple bacteria
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Human fungal infections involve and affect what areas of the human body?
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skin, mucous membranes, & lungs
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Most helminth infections are ___________ to one site in the body.
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localized
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A virus is a tiny infectious________.
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particle
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Viruses are known to infect_______.
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all organisms
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The capsid is composed of protein subunits called________.
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capsomers
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The envelope of an animal virus is derived from the_______of its host cell.
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membrane
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The nucleic acid of a virus is either______or______.
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DNA or RNA
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The general steps in a viral multiplication cycle are_____________.
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adsorption, penetration, synthesis, assembly, and release
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A prophage is a______stage in the cycle of___________.
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latent; bacterial viruses
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The nucleic acid of animal viruses enters the host cell through______&______.
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fusion & endocytosis
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In general, RNA viruses multiply in the cell_____, and DNA viruses multiply in the cell_________.
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cytoplasm; nucleus
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Enveloped viruses carry surface receptors called_________.
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spikes
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Viruses that persist in the cell and cause recurrent disease are considered_________.
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latent
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Viruses cannot be cultivated in__________.
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blood agar
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Clear patches in cell cultures that indicate sites of virus infection are called_________.
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plaques
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Which of these is not a general pattern of virus morphology?
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complex, helical
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A microbicidal agent has what effect?
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destroys microorganisms
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Microbial control methods that kill______are able to sterilize.
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endospores
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Any process that destroys the non-spore-forming contaminants on inanimate objects is_____.
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disinfection
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Sanitization is a process by which___________.
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the microbial load on objects is reduced
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An example of an agent that lowers the surface tension of cells is______.
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alcohol
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High temperatures________& low temperatures_____.
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kill cells; inhibit cell growth
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The primary action of moist heat is to ________.
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denature proteins
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The temperature-pressure combination for an autoclave is _____________.
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121 degrees Celsius and 15psi
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Microbes that are the targets of pasteurization include________.
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Mycobacterium species & Salmonella species
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Ionizing radiation removes___________from atoms.
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electrons
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The primary mode of action of nonionizing radiation is to__________.
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make pyrimidine dimers
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The most versatile method of sterilizing heat-sensitive liquids is________.
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filtration
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____________is the iodine antiseptic of choice for wound treatment.
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Iodophor
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A chemical with sporicidal properties is______.
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glutaraldehyde
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Silver sulfadiazine is used_________
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in antisepsis of burns
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Detergents are low-level_______.
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germicides
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Which of the following is an approved sterilant?
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ethylene oxide
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A compound synthesized by bacteria or fungi that destroys or inhibits the growth of other microbes is an___________.
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antibiotic
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Microbial resistance to drugs is acquired through__________.
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conjugation, transformation, & transduction
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R factors are__________that contain a code for______.
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plasmids, drug resistance
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When a patient's immune system becomes reactive to a drug, this is an example of an__________.
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allergy
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An antibiotic that disrupts the normal flora can cause________.
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a superinfection
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Most antihelminthic drugs function by______________.
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inhibiting worm metabolism
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Select a drug or drugs that can prevent a viral nucleic acid from being replicated.
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azidothymidine & acyclovir
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Which of the following effects do antiviral drugs not have?
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killing extracellular viruses
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Which of the following modes of action would be most selectively toxic?
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preventing cell wall synthesis
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The MIC is the________of a drug that is required to inhibit growth of a microbe.
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smallest concentration
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An antimicrobial drug with a________therapeutic index is a better choice than one with a_______therapeutic index.
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high; low
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